Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the DCH cohort
| Total population (N = 54,793) | Total vegetable intake quintile* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 10,959) | Q2 (n = 10,958) | Q3 (n = 10,959) | Q4 (n = 10,958) | Q5 (n = 10,959) | ||
| Total vegetable intake, g/day | 166 (107, 237) | 67 (50, 81) | 119 (107, 131) | 166 (154, 177) | 220 (204, 237) | 319 (284, 376) |
| Male sex | 25,955 (47.4) | 5,888 (53.7) | 5,650 (51.6) | 5,220 (47.6) | 5,009 (45.7) | 4,188 (38.2) |
| Age, years | 56 (52, 60) | 57 (53, 61) | 56 (52, 60) | 55 (52, 60) | 55 (52, 59) | 55 (52, 59) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.5 (23.2, 28.1) | 25.9 (23.5, 28.8) | 25.7 (23.5, 28.4) | 25.5 (23.3, 28.0) | 25.3 (23.1, 27.8) | 25.1 (22.9, 27.7) |
| MET score | 56.5 (37.0, 85.0) | 49.5 (30.5, 77.8) | 54.0 (35.0, 81.5) | 56.0 (37.5, 82.5) | 59.5 (40.0, 86.8) | 64.2 (43.0, 93.9) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 19,273 (35.2) | 3,066 (28.0) | 3,661 (33.4) | 3,987 (36.4) | 4,272 (39.0) | 4,287 (39.1) |
| Former | 15,745 (28.7) | 2,580 (23.5) | 2,969 (27.1) | 3,190 (29.1) | 3,357 (30.6) | 3,649 (33.3) |
| Current | 19,775 (36.1) | 5,313 (48.5) | 4,328 (39.5) | 3,782 (34.5) | 3,329 (30.4) | 3,023 (27.6) |
| Education, years | ||||||
| ≤7 | 17,955 (32.8) | 5,152 (47.0) | 3,994 (36.4) | 3,405 (31.1) | 2,835 (25.9) | 2,569 (23.4) |
| 8–10 | 25,300 (46.2) | 4,695 (42.8) | 5,206 (47.5) | 5,292 (48.3) | 5,251 (47.9) | 4,856 (44.3) |
| >10 | 11,538 (21.0) | 1,112 (10.1) | 1,758 (16.0) | 2,262 (20.6) | 2,872 (26.2) | 3,534 (32.2) |
| Hypertension | 8,601 (15.7) | 1,750 (16.0) | 1,711 (15.6) | 1,742 (15.9) | 1,702 (15.5) | 1,696 (15.5) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 3,939 (7.2) | 765 (7.0) | 808 (7.4) | 797 (7.3) | 780 (7.1) | 789 (7.2) |
| Medication use | ||||||
| NSAIDs including aspirin | 17,753 (32.6) | 3,412 (31.4) | 3,455 (31.7) | 3,509 (32.2) | 3,648 (33.5) | 3,729 (34.2) |
| Antihypertensives | 6,444 (11.8) | 1,329 (12.1) | 1,304 (11.9) | 1,307 (11.9) | 1,236 (11.3) | 1,268 (11.6) |
| Statins | 989 (1.8) | 184 (1.7) | 200 (1.8) | 190 (1.7) | 210 (1.9) | 205 (1.9) |
| HRT use (women only) | ||||||
| Never | 15,653 (54.3) | 2,775 (54.7) | 2,881 (54.3) | 3,071 (53.5) | 3,255 (54.7) | 3,671 (54.2) |
| Current | 8,690 (30.1) | 1,478 (29.1) | 1,580 (29.8) | 1,758 (30.6) | 1,820 (30.6) | 2,054 (30.3) |
| Former | 4,466 (15.5) | 810 (16.0) | 840 (15.8) | 910 (15.9) | 867 (14.6) | 1,039 (15.4) |
| Unknown | 29 (0.1) | 8 (0.2) | 7 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) |
| Menopause (women only) | ||||||
| Postmenopausal | 16,934 (58.7) | 3,211 (63.3) | 3,211 (60.5) | 3,380 (58.9) | 3,341 (56.2) | 3,791 (56.0) |
| Premenopausal | 4,721 (16.4) | 626 (12.4) | 828 (15.6) | 928 (16.2) | 1,115 (18.7) | 1,224 (18.1) |
| Unknown | 7,183 (24.9) | 1,234 (24.3) | 1,269 (23.9) | 1,431 (24.9) | 1,493 (25.1) | 1,756 (25.9) |
| Dietary characteristics | ||||||
| Energy, kcal/day | 2,270 (1,877, 2,717) | 2,041 (1,667, 2,461) | 2,189 (1,809, 2,612) | 2,256 (1,894, 2,690) | 2,367 (1,989, 2,811) | 2,493 (2,088, 2,971) |
| Intake, g/day | ||||||
| Whole grains | 127 (86, 175) | 112 (67, 159) | 119 (81, 167) | 131 (90, 174) | 139 (102, 186) | 152 (109, 199) |
| Refined grains | 46 (29, 73) | 44 (26, 85) | 46 (29, 73) | 45 (29, 69) | 47 (31, 71) | 48 (32, 70) |
| Red meat | 78 (56, 107) | 72 (53, 96) | 79 (58, 106) | 81 (60, 109) | 82 (59, 112) | 78 (54, 113) |
| Processed meat | 25 (14, 40) | 28 (17, 45) | 27 (16, 42) | 25 (15, 39) | 23 (13, 37) | 20 (11, 35) |
| Total dairy | 296 (156, 561) | 261 (116, 549) | 280 (144, 554) | 293 (157, 545) | 314 (178, 567) | 339 (202, 594) |
| Total fish | 38 (25, 55) | 29 (19, 43) | 35 (24, 50) | 39 (27, 55) | 42 (29, 59) | 47 (32, 68) |
| Poultry | 18 (10, 27) | 12 (7, 19) | 16 (10, 25) | 19 (12, 28) | 21 (13, 32) | 24 (14, 37) |
| Vegetable oils | 5 (1, 9) | 1 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 6) | 5 (2, 8) | 6 (2, 11) | 9 (5, 13) |
| Animal fats | 10 (1, 21) | 13 (3, 23) | 11 (3, 22) | 11 (2, 21) | 10 (1, 21) | 7 (1, 19) |
| Sugar and confectionery | 47 (27, 78) | 43 (23, 75) | 46 (27, 76) | 47 (28, 78) | 48 (29, 79) | 49 (28, 81) |
| Soft drinks | 8 (1, 29) | 17 (2, 31) | 16 (3, 30) | 8 (2, 29) | 7 (1, 29) | 6 (1, 18) |
| Coffee | 900 (500, 1,300) | 900 (500, 1,300) | 900 (500, 1,300) | 900 (500, 1,300) | 900 (500, 1,300) | 500 (500, 900) |
| Tea | 86 (3, 500) | 16 (0, 200) | 29 (3, 500) | 86 (7, 500) | 157 (16, 500) | 200 (16, 500) |
| Fruit | 170 (93, 280) | 104 (45, 185) | 143 (78, 233) | 171 (102, 270) | 196 (122, 301) | 252 (156, 386) |
| Alcohol | 13 (6, 31) | 12 (3, 31) | 13 (6, 31) | 14 (7, 31) | 14 (7, 31) | 13 (6, 30) |
Values are given as median (IQR) or n (%).
HRT, hormone replacement therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
*
Total vegetable intake, excluding potatoes.