Table 2.
HRs of incident diabetes by quintile of vegetable and potato intake
| Quintile | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 10,959) | Q2 (n = 10,958) | Q3 (n = 10,959) | Q4 (n = 10,958) | Q5 (n = 10,959) | |
| Vegetable intake | |||||
| Total vegetables | |||||
| N of events | 1,928 | 1,674 | 1,468 | 1,363 | 1,262 |
| Intake, g/day | 67 (0–94) | 119 (94–142) | 166 (142–190) | 220 (190–257) | 319 (257–1,739) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) | 0.75 (0.72, 0.79) | 0.69 (0.66, 0.73) | 0.65 (0.61, 0.69) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) | 0.82 (0.78, 0.87) | 0.79 (0.74, 0.84) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.77, 0.88) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | 0.78 (0.72, 0.85) |
| Total vegetables and potatoes | |||||
| N of events | 1,656 | 1,595 | 1,486 | 1,525 | 1,433 |
| Intake, g/day | 170 (0–212) | 246 (212–276) | 307 (276–339) | 377 (339–425) | 498 (425–2,119) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.89) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.95) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.98) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) |
| GLVs | |||||
| N of events | 1,997 | 1,642 | 1,501 | 1,337 | 1,218 |
| Intake, g/day | 2 (0–3) | 5 (3–6) | 9 (6–14) | 19 (14–22) | 29 (22–157) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.84 (0.80, 0.87) | 0.71 (0.67, 0.76) | 0.65 (0.61, 0.68) | 0.60 (0.57, 0.64) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.91 (0.87, 0.94) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) | 0.78 (0.73, 0.82) | 0.74 (0.69, 0.78) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.87) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.84 (0.76, 0.94) |
| Cruciferous vegetables | |||||
| N of events | 1,867 | 1,611 | 1,498 | 1,446 | 1,273 |
| Intake, g/day | 4 (0–6) | 8 (6–11) | 15 (11–18) | 22 (18–26) | 34 (26–186) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.86 (0.83, 0.90) | 0.76 (0.72, 0.80) | 0.73 (0.69, 0.77) | 0.69 (0.65, 0.74) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 0.91 (0.83, 0.99) |
| Yellow/orange/red vegetables | |||||
| N of events | 1,921 | 1,632 | 1,493 | 1,379 | 1,270 |
| Intake, g/day | 25 (0–36) | 47 (36–57) | 68 (57–81) | 98 (81–120) | 159 (120–1,377) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) | 0.76 (0.72, 0.80) | 0.71 (0.67, 0.75) | 0.67 (0.63, 0.72) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.91 (0.88, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.87) | 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.90) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.97 (0.92, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) |
| Allium vegetables | |||||
| N of events | 1,681 | 1,543 | 1,523 | 1,524 | 1,424 |
| Intake, g/day | 9 (0–13) | 15 (13–19) | 23 (19–28) | 32 (28–39) | 51 (39–184) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) |
| Other vegetables | |||||
| N of events | 1,825 | 1,635 | 1,497 | 1,387 | 1,351 |
| Intake, g/day | 9 (0–12) | 15 (12–19) | 22 (19–26) | 31 (26–38) | 48 (38–176) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.86 (0.83, 0.90) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) | 0.72 (0.69, 0.77) | 0.69 (0.65, 0.73) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.92) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.94 (0.88, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) |
| Legumes | |||||
| N of events | 1880 | 1621 | 1456 | 1408 | 1330 |
| Intake, g/d | 3 (0 − 5) | 7 (5 − 9) | 11 (9 − 13) | 16 (13 − 19) | 24 (19 − 119) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) | 0.75 (0.71, 0.79) | 0.72 (0.68, 0.76) | 0.69 (0.65, 0.73) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.90) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) |
| Potato intake | |||||
| All potatoes (except fries/chips) | |||||
| N of events | 1,385/10,959 | 1,404/10,958 | 1,511/10,959 | 1,611/10,959 | 1,784/10,958 |
| Intake, g/day | 52 (0–73) | 87 (73–110) | 125 (110–142) | 163 (142–203) | 256 (203–1,332) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.12) |
| Boiled potatoes | |||||
| N of events | 1,653/12,662 | 1,614/12,628 | 1,144/8,489 | 1,623/10,685 | 1,661/10,329 |
| Intake, g/d | 21 (0–39) | 54 (46–54) | 96 (57–96) | 125 (98–139) | 225 (171–1,000) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.18) | 1.13 (1.06, 1.21) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 1.04 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.16) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.14) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.04 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) |
| Mashed potatoes | |||||
| N of events | 1,903/15,945 | 1,339/8,974 | 1,119/9,120 | 2,093/13,376 | 1,241/7,378 |
| Intake, g/day | 6 (0–6) | 8 (8–8) | 12 (12–12) | 16 (16–30) | 39 (39–369) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) | 1.19 (1.12, 1.26) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) |
| Roasted potatoes | |||||
| N of events | 1,912/14,642 | 1,709/12,118 | 922/7,624 | 1,870/12,319 | 1,282/8,090 |
| Intake, g/day | 2 (0–3) | 5 (5–6) | 12 (12–12) | 16 (16–21) | 27 (27–190) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) |
| Potato fries/chips | |||||
| N of events | 1,432/11,168 | 1,586/12,276 | 1,603/10,493 | 1,443/10,209 | 1,631/10,647 |
| Intake, g/day | 0 (0–1) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (2–3) | 4 (3–7) | 8 (7–84) |
| Model 1a | Ref | 1.08 (1.01, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 1.14 (1.06, 1.23) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 1.17 (1.09, 1.26) | 1.20 (1.12, 1.30) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.07 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) |
Values are given as n, n/N, median (IQR), or HR (95% CI). HRs for the association between quintile of vegetable and potato intake (g/day) and incident diabetes among participants of DCH study (N = 54,793) derived from restricted cubic splines based on Cox proportional hazards model. Model 1a adjusted for sex and age; model 1b adjusted for sex, age, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol status, education level, and hormone replacement therapy; model 2 adjusted for covariates in model 1b plus BMI; and model 3 adjusted for covariates in model 1b plus intake (g/day) of whole grains, refined grains, red meat, processed meat, poultry, fish, dairy, vegetable oil, animal fats, sugar and confectionery, soft drinks, fruit, tea, and coffee and intake of other exposures, except the exposure of interest.