Table 3.
Crude and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs across tertile of GI, GL, II, IL, CQI and LCDS
| Variables | Femoral BMD abnormality | Lumbar BMD abnormality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | Crude | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | |
| GI | ||||||
| T1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T2 | 2.55 (1.38, 4.69) | 2.49 (1.34, 4.64) | 2.59 (1.35, 4.96) | 2.26 (1.23, 4.14) | 2.21 (1.20, 4.08) | 2.13 (1.13, 4.01) |
| T3 | 2.16 (1.18, 3.97) | 2.22 (1.20, 4.13) | 2.02 (1.06, 3.87) | 3.10 (1.67, 5.76) | 3.18 (1.70, 5.93) | 3.06 (1.60, 5.84) |
| Ptrend | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | ˂ 0.001 | ˂ 0.001 | 0.001 |
| GL | ||||||
| T1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T2 | 1.04 (0.57, 1.91) | 1.09 (0.58, 2.03) | 1.03 (0.53, 1.98) | 1.28 (0.71, 2.32) | 1.38 (0.74, 2.54) | 1.26 (0.66, 2.40) |
| T3 | 0.79 (0.43, 1.44) | 0.77 (0.41, 1.46) | 0.82 (0.42, 1.61) | 1.31 (0.72, 2.39) | 1.40 (0.75, 2.62) | 1.47 (0.76, 2.84) |
| Ptrend | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
| II | ||||||
| T1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T2 | 1.02 (0.56, 1.85) | 0.97 (0.53, 1.79) | 0.87 (0.46, 1.66) | 1.38 (0.76, 2.51) | 1.36 (0.74, 2.47) | 1.25 (0.67, 2.33) |
| T3 | 1.02 (0.56, 1.86) | 1.06 (0.57, 1.95) | 0.93 (0.48, 1.77) | 1.25 (0.69, 2.28) | 1.30 (0.71, 2.38) | 1.16 (0.62, 2.18) |
| Ptrend | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.58 |
| IL | ||||||
| T1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T2 | 0.79 (0.43, 1.44) | 0.85 (0.46, 1.58) | 0.85 (0.44, 1.63) | 1.00 (0.55, 1.81) | 1.07 (0.58, 1.96) | 1.08 (0.57, 2.04) |
| T3 | 0.81 (0.44, 1.48) | 0.83 (0.44, 1.55) | 0.91 (0.47, 1.77) | 1.00 (0.55, 1.82) | 1.05 (0.56, 1.95) | 1.17 (0.61, 2.24) |
| Ptrend | 0.49 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 0.73 |
| CQI | ||||||
| T1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T2 | 0.74 (0.40, 1.34) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.33) | 0.73 (0.38, 1.37) | 0.34 (0.18, 0.63) | 0.33 (0.18, 0.62) | 0.30 (0.15, 0.58) |
| T3 | 0.54 (0.29, 0.99) | 0.49 (0.26, 0.91) | 0.53 (0.28, 1.02) | 0.28 (0.15, 0.52) | 0.26 (0.13, 0.49) | 0.26 (0.13, 0.50) |
| Ptrend | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | ˂ 0.001 | ˂ 0.001 | ˂ 0.001 |
| LCDS | ||||||
| T1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T2 | 0.90 (0.49, 1.66) | 0.80 (0.42, 1.49) | 0.69 (0.36, 1.33) | 0.74 (0.40, 1.37) | 0.66 (0.35, 1.24) | 0.57 (0.30, 1.11) |
| T3 | 0.78 (0.43, 1.42) | 0.68 (0.36, 1.27) | 0.70 (0.36, 1.34) | 0.42 (0.23, 0.77) | 0.37 (0.19, 0.69) | 0.36 (0.19, 0.70) |
| Ptrend | 0.42 | 0.23 | 0.29 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
BMD bone mass density, GI glycemic index, GL glycemic load, II insulin index, IL insulin load, CQI carbohydrate quality index, LCDS low-carbohydrate diet score
Model 1: adjusted for BMI and age
Model 2: additionally adjusted for income, education, physical activity, calcium, and vitamin D supplement
These values are shown as odds ratio (95% CIs)
Obtained from logistic regression
P-values marked with bold indicate statistically significant p-values