TABLE 1.

Precursors and stoichiometric coefficients for cofactors used in amino acid synthesis from precursors in C. thermocellum, based on the genome-scale metabolic model iCBI655 (16)^a

Amino acid	Precursor	NH4+	NADPH	NADH	Fdreduced	ATP
Alanine	1 pyruvate	−1	−1 (0)	0 (0)	0 (−1)	0 (0)
Arginine	1 2-ketoglutarate, 1 oxaloacetate	−4	−4 (−1)	0 (0)	0 (−3)	−5 (−8)
Asparagine	1 oxaloacetate	−2	−1 (0)	0 (0)	0 (−1)	−2 (−3)
Aspartate	1 oxaloacetate	−1	−1 (0)	0 (0)	0 (−1)	0 (−1)
Cysteine	1 3-phosphoglycerate, 1 AcCoA	−1	−5 (−4)	1 (1)	0 (−1)	−2 (−3)
Glutamine	1 2-ketoglutarate	−2	−1 (0)	0 (0)	0 (−1)	−1 (−2)
Glycine	1 3-phosphoglycerate	−1	0 (1)	1 (1)	0 (−1)	1 (0)
Glutamate	1 2-ketoglutarate	−1	−1 (0)	0 (0)	0 (−1)	0 (−1)
Histidine	1 ribose 5-phosphate	2	0 (0)	1 (1)	0 (0)	4 (4)
Isoleucine	2 pyruvate, 1 AcCoA	−1	−2 (−1)	1 (1)	0 (−1)	0 (−1)
Leucine	2 pyruvate, 1 AcCoA	−1	−2 (−1)	1 (1)	0 (−1)	0 (−1)
Lysine	1 oxaloacetate, 1 pyruvate	−2	−3 (−1)	−1 (−1)	0 (−2)	0 (−3)
Methionine	1 oxaloacetate, 1 AcCoA	−1	−8 (−7)	−1 (−1)	0 (−1)	−4 (−5)
Phenylalanine	2 PEP, 1 erythrose 4-phosphate	−1	−2 (−1)	0 (0)	0 (−1)	−1 (−2)
Proline	1 2-ketoglutarate	−1	−2 (−1)	−1 (−1)	0 (−1)	−1 (−2)
Serine	1 3-phosphoglycerate	−1	−1 (0)	1 (1)	0 (−1)	0 (−1)
Threonine	1 oxaloacetate	−1	−2 (−1)	−1 (−1)	0 (−1)	−2 (−3)
Tryptophan	2 PEP, 1 erythrose 4-phosphate, 1 3-phosphoglycerate, 1 ribose 5-phosphate	−2	−2 (−1)	1 (1)	0 (−1)	−3 (−4)
Tyrosine	2 PEP, 1 erythrose 4-phosphate	−1	−2 (−1)	1 (1)	0 (−1)	−1 (−2)
Valine	2 pyruvate	−1	−2 (−1)	0 (0)	0 (−1)	0 (−1)

^aThe numbers in parentheses represent cofactor usage if glutamate production occurred via a ferredoxin-dependent and ATP-dependent glutamine synthetase (GS)-glutamate synthase (GOGAT) cycle instead of a NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).