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. 2023 Jan 17;13:1093607. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093607

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Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Wang, Sun, Cui, Xing, Teng, Xi and Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) The fabricated scheme of cGAMP@dual-anti-Exos and the process of cancer immunotherapy (Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 137). (B) The scheme of AB680@EMVs-aPDL1 for bladder cancer therapy (Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 153). (C) The mechanism of cRGD-Exo/siMix for colorectal cancer immunotherapy in vivo (Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 154). PD-1; Programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L1; Programmed cell death ligand; MMP-2; Matrix metalloproteinase enzyme; cGAMP; 2’-3’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate; AB680; CD73 inhibitor, EMVs; Exosome-mimetic nanovesicles, aPDL1; Monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death ligand 1; cRGD-Exo/siMix; a cyclic RGD peptide (cRGD)-modified exosome delivery system that simultaneously delivered FGL1 and TGFβ1 siRNAs.