Table 1.

The pros and cons of exosomes-based drug-loading strategies.

Drug-loading strategies	Pros	Cons	Ref
Incubation	Simple operation; No special equipment required; Preservation of exosome integrity; Little damage to exosomes and drugs	Low drug loading efficiency; Cause cytotoxicity	(99, 100, 104, 105)
Ultrasound	High drug loading efficiency	Exosome membrane damage	(106–109)
Extrusion	High drug loading efficiency; Uniform exosome particle size	After reintegrating exosome integrity damage	(110–113)
Electroporation	High drug loading efficiency	Exosome aggregation; Require process optimization; Damage to exosome integrity	(101, 102, 107, 114)
Cell Engineering Techniques	Well-established operating strategy; Toxicity reduction	Complicated operation; Uncertainty of exosomal contents and the amount of cargo	(103, 115–117)