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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Epilepsia. 2022 Aug 9;63(10):2445–2460. doi: 10.1111/epi.17329

Figure 1. Brain stimulation techniques for epilepsy.

Figure 1.

Left: Primary approved invasive epilepsy neuromodulation techniques: VNS, DBS, and RNS. Right: Primary non-invasive brain stimulation techniques: transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial direct current electrical stimulation (tDCS).