Table 3.
Treatment processes of ARB’s and ARG’s in different WWTPs worldwide.
| Country (Province/ City) | Site of influent | Capacity of treatment plant | Year collected | Method of disinfection | Method of quantification | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China (Northern China) | WWTP1 | 540,000 m3 / day | November – December 2011 and June–July 2012 | Anaerobic and anoxic lagoons, conventional activated sludge and Chlorination | DNA extraction and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) | Mao et al., 2015 |
| WWTP2 | 580,000 m3 / day | November – December 2011 and June–July 2012 | Anaerobic and anoxic lagoons, conventional activated sludge and Chlorination | DNA extraction and qPCR | Mao et al., 2015 | |
| China (Xi’an) | WWTP3 | Not mentioned | March – June 2013 | Anoxic/anaerobic/ oxic process (Ultra violet (UV) Irradiation Experiment) | DNA extraction and PCR | Zhang et al., 2017 |
| China | WWTP4 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Oxidation ditch process Secondary clarifier (Electrochemical (EC) and UV Experiment) | DNA extraction and qPCR | Chen et al., 2020a |
| Germany | WWTP5 | 112,000 m3 / day | September 2016, March 2017, July 2017, and October 2017 | Activated sludge treatment in combination with sedimentation (Ozonation and UV irradiation Experiments) | DNA extraction and qPCR | Jager et al., 2018 |
| Italy (Milan) | WWTP6 | 432,000 m3 / day | Not mentioned | Sand filtration and Peracetic acid (PAA) | Not mentioned | Turolla et al., 2018 |
| WWTP7 | 354,600 m3 / day | Not mentioned | Sand filtration and UV Radiation | Not mentioned | Turolla et al., 2018 | |
| WWTP8 | 177,000 m3 / day | Not mentioned | Sand filtration and Sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) | Not mentioned | Turolla et al., 2018 | |
| Namibia (Windhoek) | New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) | 21,000 m3 / day | September 2018 | Pre Ozonation, Coagulation, Flotation, Dual Media Filtration, Main Ozonation, Activated Carbon, Ultrafiltration and Chlorination | DNA extraction and qPCR | Wallmann et al., 2021 |
| South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal Durban) | Northern Wastewater Treatment Plant (NWWTP) | 70,000 m3 / day | March– August 2012 | Chlorination | DNA extraction and PCR | Pillay and Olanirano, 2016 |
| South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal Durban) | New Germany Treatment Works (NGTWs) | 700 m3 / day | March– August 2012 | Chlorination | DNA extraction and PCR | Pillay and Olanirano, 2016 |
| South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal Durban) | WWTP9 (Msunduzi local municipality) | 76,000 m3 / day | April 2020 | Aeration basins, clarifiers and chlorination. | DNA extraction and PCR | Gumede et al., 2021 |
| WWTP10 (uMngeni local municipality) | 5,600 m3 / day | April 2020 | Aeration basins, clarifiers and chlorination. | DNA extraction and PCR | Gumede et al., 2021 | |
| WWTP11 (Surrounding suburbs) | 540 m3 / day | April 2020 | Aeration basins, clarifiers and chlorination. | DNA extraction and PCR | Gumede et al., 2021 | |
| WWTP12 (Msunduzi local municipality) | 500 m3 / day | April 2020 | Aeration basins, clarifiers and chlorination. | DNA extraction and qCR | Gumede et al., 2021 | |
| South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal Durban) | WWTP13 | Not mentioned | May–July 2017 | Chlorination | DNA extraction and Multiplex PCR (M-PCR) | Nzima et al., 2020 |
| South Africa (North West) | WWTP14 | Not mentioned | 2016 and 2017 | Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, and chlorination | DNA extraction and PCR | Ateba et al., 2020 |
| WWTP15 | Not mentioned | 2016 and 2017 | Sand filtration and chlorination | DNA extraction and PCR | Ateba et al., 2020 | |
| United States of America (Los Angeles) | Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) | 235,000 m3 / day | Not mentioned | Sedimentation, nitrification, denitrification, flocculation, filtration and, chlorination | DNA extraction and qPCR | Quach-Cu et al., 2018 |
| United States of America (Oak Creek, WI) | South Shore Water Reclamation Plant Facility (WRPF) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Primary clarifier (anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) experiment) | DNA extraction and qPCR | Singh et al., 2022 |