Table 3. Association of ZIP code characteristics with percent vaccinated and boosted, by age.
| a) Percent vaccinated: Age-stratified bivariate OLS regression models | ||||||||
| Age group | 5–19 years | 20–39 years | 40–64 years | 65+ years | ||||
| Parameters | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value |
| Median household income ($10k increase) | 9.2*** (8.1,10.2) | <0.001 | 5.3*** (4.1,6.5) | <0.001 | 0.8* (0.0,1.6) | 0.040 | 1.7*** (0.9,2.6) | <0.001 |
| % college graduates (10% point increase) | 5.8*** (4.7,6.9) | <0.001 | 2.9*** (1.9,3.9) | <0.001 | 1.1** (0.5,1.8) | 0.001 | 1.3*** (0.7,1.9) | <0.001 |
| % Black, Latino, Indigenous (10% point increase) | −2.1*** (−2.9,−1.3) | <0.001 | −1.0** (−1.7,−0.3) | 0.006 | 1.4*** (0.8,1.9) | <0.001 | −0.8* (−1.4,−0.2) | 0.010 |
| % essential worker (10% point increase) | −12.6*** (−15.5,−9.7) | <0.001 | −4.6** (−7.6,−1.6) | 0.003 | −2.8*** (−4.3,−1.2) | 0.001 | −1.5* (−2.9,−0.1) | 0.042 |
| VEI community (0,1) | −11.5*** (−15.5,−7.5) | <0.001 | −3.0 (−6.3,0.3) | 0.077 | 3.9*** (1.6,6.3) | 0.001 | −3.4** (−5.9,−0.9) | 0.008 |
| b) Percent vaccinated: Age-stratified multivariable OLS regression models | ||||||||
| Age group | 5–19 years | 20–39 years | 40–64 years | 65+ years | ||||
| Parameters | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value |
| Median household income ($10k increase) | 10.1*** (7.9,12.3) | <0.001 | 6.1*** (3.9,8.3) | <0.001 | −0.2 (−1.7,1.3) | 0.759 | 1.2 (−0.7,3.0) | 0.221 |
| % college graduates (10% point increase) | 2.5** (0.7,4.3) | 0.008 | 2.7*** (1.2,4.2) | <0.001 | 3.6*** (2.2,5.1) | <0.001 | 2.1* (0.4,3.8) | 0.015 |
| % Black, Latino, Indigenous (10% point increase) | 2.8*** (1.8,3.8) | <0.001 | 1.5** (0.5,2.5) | 0.004 | 2.8*** (1.8,3.8) | <0.001 | 0.4 (−0.7,1.4) | 0.481 |
| % essential worker (10% point increase) | 4.1** (1.0,7.3) | 0.010 | 7.1*** (3.4,10.8) | <0.001 | 2.0 (−0.8,4.7) | 0.162 | 4.7** (1.5,7.9) | 0.004 |
| VEI community (0,1) | −2.9 (−7.7,1.9) | 0.232 | 0.1 (−4.7,5.0) | 0.962 | −0.7 (−4.4,3.0) | 0.707 | −1.9 (−6.0,2.2) | 0.353 |
| R2 | 0.57 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.07 | ||||
| c) Percent boosted: Age-stratified bivariate OLS regression models | ||||||||
| Age group | 5–19 years | 20–39 years | 40–64 years | 65+ years | ||||
| Parameters | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value |
| Median household income ($10k increase) | 7.6*** (7.0,8.2) | <0.001 | 7.7*** (6.8,8.7) | <0.001 | 5.3*** (4.6,5.9) | <0.001 | 3.8*** (2.9,4.6) | <0.001 |
| % college graduates (10% point increase) | 5.5*** (4.9,6.1) | <0.001 | 5.5*** (4.8,6.2) | <0.001 | 4.8*** (4.3,5.2) | <0.001 | 3.1*** (2.6,3.6) | <0.001 |
| % Black, Latino, Indigenous (10% point increase) | −2.4*** (−2.9,−2.0) | <0.001 | −2.6*** (−3.1,−2.1) | <0.001 | −1.0*** (−1.4,−0.7) | <0.001 | −1.8*** (−2.3,−1.3) | <0.001 |
| % essential worker (10% point increase) | −13.3*** (−15.0,−11.6) | <0.001 | −11.9*** (−14.4,−9.5) | <0.001 | −11.1*** (−12.3,−9.9) | <0.001 | −5.5*** (−6.7,−4.2) | <0.001 |
| VEI community (0,1) | −11.9*** (−14.3,−9.6) | <0.001 | −9.2*** (−12.2,−6.2) | <0.001 | −5.4*** (−7.7,−3.1) | <0.001 | −7.7*** (−10.1,−5.4) | <0.001 |
| d) Percent boosted: Age-stratified multivariable OLS regression models | ||||||||
| Age group | 5–19 years | 20–39 years | 40–64 years | 65+ years | ||||
| Parameters | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value | beta (95% CI) | p-value |
| Median household income ($10k increase) | 5.5*** (4.2,6.7) | <0.001 | 4.4*** (3.1,5.8) | <0.001 | −0.2 (−1.5,1.1) | 0.783 | 0.7 (−1.1,2.5) | 0.433 |
| % college graduates (10% point increase) | 1.5** (0.5,2.5) | 0.005 | 3.9*** (3.1,4.7) | <0.001 | 5.7*** (4.6,6.7) | <0.001 | 3.8*** (2.2,5.4) | <0.001 |
| % Black, Latino, Indigenous (10% point increase) | 1.1*** (0.6,1.5) | <0.001 | 0.8* (0.2,1.4) | 0.011 | 1.9*** (1.3,2.5) | <0.001 | 0.3 (−0.4,1.1) | 0.407 |
| % essential worker (10% point increase) | −3.1*** (−4.9,−1.3) | <0.001 | 1.6 (−0.8,4.1) | 0.194 | −0.6 (−2.4,1.2) | 0.519 | 4.1** (1.4,6.9) | 0.004 |
| VEI community (0,1) | −2.3 (−4.9,0.2) | 0.074 | −2.1 (−5.5,1.2) | 0.213 | −2.3 (−5.1,0.6) | 0.119 | −3.7* (−7.3,−0.1) | 0.044 |
| R2 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.27 | ||||
Note: N = 418. In panels (a) and (c), each cell shows the coefficient estimate from a separate bivariate OLS regression model. In panels (b) and (d), each column shows adjusted coefficients from multivariable regression models. Heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.
*p < 0.05,
**p < 0.01,
***p < 0.001.
OLS, ordinary least squares; VEI, Vaccine Equity Initiative.