Table 1.
General information of participants
| Attendings (n = 5) | Fellows (n = 5) | Residents (n = 5) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 42.80 ± 0.84 | 36.40 ± 1.14 | 28.20 ± 0.84 | < 0.001* |
| Years of working | 14.20 ± 1.64 | 6.40 ± 1.14 | 2.80 ± 0.45 | < 0.001* |
| Gender (M/F) | 5/0 | 5/0 | 4/1 | 1.000 |
| Hand dominance (R/L) | 5/0 | 5/0 | 5/0 | – |
| Cases of LCJ as lead surgeon | 0.003 | |||
| 0 | 0/5 | 3/5 | 5/5 | |
| 1–10 | 1/5 | 2/5 | 0/5 | |
| ≥ 10 | 4/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | |
| Cases of LCJ as first assistant | 0.007 | |||
| 0 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 3/5 | |
| 1–10 | 0/5 | 1/5 | 2/5 | |
| 10–30 | 0/5 | 1/5 | 0/5 | |
| ≥ 30 | 5/5 | 3/5 | 0/5 | |
| Box training experience | 2/5 | 3/5 | 5/5 | 0.253 |
| VR experience | 1/5 | 2/5 | 1/5 | 1.000 |
| 3D printing model experience | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | – |
| Ex vitro animal experience | 2/5 | 2/5 | 0/5 | 0.442 |
| Live animal experience | 2/5 | 1/5 | 0/5 | 0.712 |
*P < 0.001
Note: M male, F female, VR virtual reality, LCJ laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy