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. 2023 Jan 31;14:512. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36138-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, b Urine was collected from MCAD^+/+ or MCAD^−/− mice either in the germ-free (GF) state or following colonization with wild-type C. sporogenes (Cs). Hippuric acid (a) and phenylpropionylglycine (b) levels were determined in the urine by stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry and normalized to urinary creatinine levels (n = 4 mice/GF group, n = 7 MCAD^+/+ Cs-colonized, n = 9 MCAD^−/− Cs-colonized; unpaired two-sided Student’s t-tests). c Model for host metabolism of phenylpropionic acid involving MCAD, and presence of an accessory pathway converting phenylpropionic acid to phenylpropionylglycine. d Germ-free mice were orally administered isotopically labeled phenylpropionic acid and labeled phenylpropionylglycine was quantified in urine over time. e Urinary levels of d₉-phenylpropionylglycine after d₉-phenylpropionic acid gavage in GF MCAD^−/− or MCAD^+/+ mice (n = 12 mice/group) by stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry and normalized to urinary creatinine levels. For a, b, e: boxes denote the median with inter-quartile distance, whiskers maxima and minima. The mouse schematic in d was adapted from ref. ¹⁷.