TABLE 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population.
| All | HBPM(−) | HBPM(+) | |||||
| All | HBPM(+)-R(−) | HBPM(+)-R(+) | p a | p b | |||
| n | 673 | 467 | 206 | 81 | 125 | ||
| Age, years | 64.9 ± 9.3 | 65.4 ± 9.3 | 63.9 ± 9,1 | 65.1 ± 9.9 | 63.1 ± 8.5 | 0.059 | 0.053 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male, % | 51.3 | 50.1 | 53.9 | 53.1 | 54.4 | 0.366 | 0.654 |
| Female, % | 48.7 | 49.9 | 46.1 | 46.9 | 45.6 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 ± 3.0 | 25.5 ± 3.0 | 24.9 ± 2.9 | 25.0 ± 3.3 | 24.9 ± 2.6 | 0.016 | 0.052 |
| Smoking, % | 8.0 | 8.8 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 5.6 | 0.277 | 0.497 |
| Amount of alcohol drinking, gr/day | 5.7 ± 12.8 | 5.7 ± 12.5 | 5.7 ± 13.6 | 6.4 ± 18.6 | 5.3 ± 9.1 | 0.988 | 0.829 |
| Duration of exercise, h/week | 4.2 ± 4.7 | 4.2 ± 4.9 | 4.3 ± 4.3 | 4.8 ± 4.6 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 0.765 | 0.454 |
| Diet control for hypertension, % | 16.3 | 15.4 | 18.4 | 19.8 | 17.6 | 0.327 | 0.570 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 24.1 | 25.3 | 21.4 | 23.5 | 20.0 | 0.274 | 0.469 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 16.8 | 15.8 | 18.9 | 24.7 | 15.2 | 0.324 | 0.126 |
| Number of antihypertensive drugs, n | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.786 | 0.828 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | |||||||
| ACE inhibitors, % | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 0.858 | 0.586 |
| ARBs, % | 74.3 | 74.7 | 73.3 | 65.4 | 78.4 | 0.695 | 0.106 |
| Beta blockers, % | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 12.3 | 14.4 | 0.912 | 0.909 |
| Calcium channel blockers, % | 63.0 | 62.7 | 63.6 | 70.4 | 59.2 | 0.833 | 0.262 |
| Diuretics, % | 20.5 | 20.1 | 21.4 | 18.5 | 23.2 | 0.716 | 0.672 |
| Doses of antihypertensive drugs, standard dose | 1.93 ± 1.04 | 1.93 ± 1,04 | 1.92 ± 1.02 | 1.94 ± 1.12 | 1.91 ± 0.95 | 0.909 | 0.972 |
| Duration of antihypertensive medications, years | 10.4 ± 7.4 | 10.4 ± 7.1 | 10.6 ± 8.0 | 11.4 ± 8.3 | 10.1 ± 7.8 | 0.710 | 0.434 |
| Compliance to medication, % | 98.4 ± 6.3 | 98.1 ± 7.2 | 99.1 ± 3.1 | 99.2 ± 2.9 | 99.0 ± 3.2 | 0.013 | 0.168 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 86.4 ± 14.3 | 85.9 ± 14.3 | 87.6 ± 14.1 | 86.0 ± 16.2 | 88.6 ± 12.6 | 0.162 | 0.166 |
| CKD, n (%) | 30 (4.5) | 25 (5.4) | 5 (2.4) | 4 (4.9) | 1 (0.8) | 0.090 | 0.088 |
| UACR | 33.9 ± 149.9 | 32.9 ± 130.1 | 36.1 ± 187.4 | 56.3 ± 288.8 | 23.1 ± 61.8 | 0.290 | 0.799 |
| LVH, n (%) | 59 (9.3) | 43 (9.7) | 16 (8.3) | 9 (11.7) | 7 (6.0) | 0.577 | 0.355 |
pa, comparison between HBPM(−) and HBPM(+) groups by t-test or Chi-square test. pb, comparison between HBPM(−), HBPM(+)-R(−), and HBPM(+)-R(+) groups by ANOVA or Chi-square test. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, percent, or number and percent in parentheses. HBPM(−), not measure blood pressure at home based on our definition; HBPM(+), measure home BP properly based on our definition; HBPM(+)-R(−), measure blood pressure at home properly but not report measured home blood pressure to physicians; HBPM(+)-R(+), measure blood pressure at home properly and report measured home blood pressure to physicians; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2); UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage of Sokolov-Lyon criteria.