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. 2023 Jan 31;14:372. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35869-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Species (n = 94) with RNA-seq and six life history traits (social organization, activity, diet, lifestyle, adult body mass, and longevity) used in the MCMCglmm analyses. Colorful shadings display different mammals’ orders. Silhouette images of animals are from PhyloPic database [http://phylopic.org/]. b Venn diagram showing the number of significant overlapping genes across solitary, pair-living, group-living, and longevity. c Clusters according to the function of 31 genes that were significantly associated with social organization and longevity. Each node represents a pathway from the Reactome database^{34, 35}; pathways in which significant genes were involved are colored brown. Light green shading represents two clusters of gene function. d, e Example of a significant gene (XRCC6) that was downregulated in solitary species, upregulated in group-living species and also positively correlated with lifespan; the regression lines were generated from the linear regression model. Purple range display 95% confidence interval around the smooth line. Coefficients (post mean) and P-values (pMCMC) from the MCMCglmm analyses are also shown. The number of species used in the MCMCglmm was n = 94. f A heat map showing pathways that were significantly associated with social organization and longevity. S: solitary; PL: pair-living; GL: group-living; ML1–ML4: longevity in model 1 to model 4 (see “Methods”). Color code for social organization and longevity: blue = solitary; orange = pair-living; red = group-living; purple = lifespan. Source data are provided as a Source data file.