Table 1.
Characteristic of participants in the study, weighted.
| Variables | Groups of HEI-2015 | All: 56.09 ± 13.40 (n = 2704) | P -value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate*: 41.33 ±6.28 (n = 935, 34.58%) | Average*: 59.44 ±5.54 (n = 1325, 49.00%) | Optimal*: 76.90 ±5.37 (n = 444, 16.42%) | |||
| Age (years) | 55.65 ± 10.99 | 58.28 ± 11.59 | 59.78± 11.03 | 57.61 ± 11.40 | <0.0001 |
| Gender, N (%) | |||||
| Male | 484 (54.51) | 643 (47.32) | 176 (37.31) | 1303 (48.22) | |
| Female | 451 (45.49) | 682 (52.68) | 268 (62.69) | 1401 (51.78) | <0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity, N (%) | |||||
| Hispanic | 194 (11.56) | 321 (11.93) | 101 (10.81) | 616 (11.62) | |
| Non-hispanic white | 461 (70.03) | 590 (71.48) | 180 (70.29) | 1231 (70.80) | |
| Non-hispanic black | 199 (12.18) | 242 (8.89) | 70 (7.52) | 511 (9.81) | |
| Others | 81(6.23) | 172 (7.70) | 93 (11.38) | 346 (7.77) | 0.0037 |
| Education, N (%) | |||||
| High school or below | 506 (47.30) | 555 (34.08) | 134 (22.45) | 1195 (36.79) | |
| Above high school | 429 (52.70) | 770 (65.92) | 310 (77.55) | 1509 (63.21) | <0.0001 |
| Poverty ratio, N (%) | |||||
| ≤ 1.3 | 351 (25.87) | 352 (17.50) | 90 (11.47) | 793 (19.48) | |
| >1.3 | 584 (74.13) | 973 (82.50) | 354(88.53) | 1911 (80.52) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.13± 5.61 | 28.34 ± 5.27 | 27.29 ± 5.68 | 28.45 ± 5.49 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 198.59 ± 45.38 | 196.99 ± 40.64 | 196.44± 42.15 | 197.45 ± 42.57 | 0.5879 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 177.20 ± 201.36 | 159.69 ± 108.40 | 139.47 ± 105.33 | 162.53 ± 147.33 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.94 ± 0.36 | 0.92 ± 0.42 | 0.87 ± 0.25 | 0.92 ± 0.38 | 0.0054 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.76 ± 0.56 | 3.83 ± 0.58 | 3.90 ± 0.52 | 3.81 ± 0.56 | <0.0001 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 9.43 ± 0.36 | 9.47 ± 0.37 | 9.48 ± 0.32 | 9.46 ± 0.36 | 0.0026 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | |||||
| Yes | 322 (32.07) | 449 (29.24) | 156 (33.87) | 927 (30.94) | |
| No | 613 (67.93) | 876 (70.76) | 288 (66.13) | 1777 (69.06) | 0.1297 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | |||||
| Yes | 201 (17.85) | 323 (19.01) | 87 (15.32) | 611 (18.03) | |
| No | 734 (82.15) | 1002 (80.99) | 357 (84.68) | 2093 (81.97) | 0.2228 |
| Angina/Angina pectoris history, N (%) | |||||
| Yes | 32 (2.68) | 43 (3.22) | 11 (2.79) | 86 (2.97) | |
| No | 903 (97.32) | 1282 (96.78) | 433 (97.21) | 2618 (97.03) | 0.7431 |
| Smoking status, N (%) | |||||
| Never smoking | 409 (43.63) | 749 (58.11) | 304 (64.75) | 1462 (54.18) | |
| Former smoker | 265 (26.66) | 194 (12.58) | 28 (8.83) | 487 (16.83) | |
| Current smoker | 261 (29.71) | 382 (29.31) | 112 (26.42) | 755 (28.99) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/N %) | 210.00± 319.94 | 258.20 ± 387.21 | 201.19 ± 236.94 | 232.71± 345.77 | 0.0006 |
| Current drinkers | 701 (80.69) | 958 (78.31) | 297 (76.48) | 1956 (78.83) | |
| Ex-drinkers | 122 (10.59) | 163 (9.94) | 77 (11.46) | 362 (10.40) | |
| Non-drinkers | 112 (8.72) | 204 (11.75) | 70 (12.06) | 386 (10.77) | 0.1478 |
| Daily energy intake (kcal/d) | 4060.60 ± 1765.88 | 3839.82 ±1541.73 | 3604.79 ±1246.44 | 3878.77 ± 1589.43 | <0.0001 |
Percentage for Categorical variables, mean ± SE for continuous variables. SE, standard error of the estimate. BMI, body mass index; HEI, healthy eating index. A drink: a 12-oz. beer, a 5-oz. glass of wine, or one and a half ounces of liquor. *Inadequate: HEI-2015 score < 50; Average: 50 ≤ HEI-2015 score < 70; Optima: HEI-2015 score ≥ 70.