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. 2023 Jan 31;13:1711. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28635-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dose- and time-dependent RNA disruption in response to doxorubicin. A2780 (a), K562 (b), MDA-MB-231 (c) and A375 (d) cells were exposed to different concentrations of doxorubicin (DOX) for 8 to 72 h. Total RNA was isolated from cells following drug treatment, and RNA disruption was analyzed using the RDA. Left panels. Virtual gel images of total RNA isolated from doxorubicin-treated cells. Arrows indicate the position of the full-length 28S and 18S rRNA bands. Each electropherogram is representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Right panels. RNA disruption quantified using the RDA. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation, with individual data points shown in red. A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between drug concentration and treatment time for all four cell lines [A2780, F(9, 62) = 18.27, n = 4–5, P < 0.01; K562, F(9, 32) = 7.68, n = 3, P < 0.01; MDA-MB-231, F(9, 32) = 8.75, n = 3, P < 0.01; A375, F(9, 48) = 6.22, n = 4, P < 0.01]. For a given treatment time, group pairs labelled with the same letter are not significantly different.