Fig. 1. Immune-based combination therapies convert cold tumors into hot tumors by regulating the cancer-immunity cycle.

Immunotherapy is based on the cancer-immunity cycle, including the release and presentation of tumor antigens, the priming and activation of T cells, the trafficking and infiltration of T cells into tumors, and the recognition and killing of tumor cells by activated T cells. However, multiple mechanisms lead to immune evasion. Numerous therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and anti-angiogenic therapy, all regulate the immune microenvironment and complement immunotherapy for stronger antitumor responses. TSA tumor-specific antigen, TLR toll-like receptors, DC dendritic cell, TKI tyrosine kinase inhibitor, CAR-T cell chimeric antigen receptor T cell, BsAbs bispecific antibodies, CAF cancer associated fibroblast, DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns, APCs antigen presenting cells. Adapted from [1].