Table 2.

Associations of MAFLD and NAFLD status with incident CKD.

	Cases, n	Event, n	Hazard ratio (95% CI)
			Model 1† (95%CI)	P	Model 2‡ (95% CI)	P	Model 3§ (95%CI)	P
Non-FLD	14,525	498	Ref		Ref		Ref
FLD	7,188	414	1.74 (1.53–1.99)	< 0.01	1.67 (1.45–1.91)	< 0.01	1.34 (1.14–1.56)	< 0.01
Non-FLD without MD¶	9,414	259	Ref		Ref		Ref
Non-FLD with MD¶	5,111	239	1.78 (1.49–2.12)	< 0.01	1.57 (1.31–1.89)	< 0.01	1.23 (1.00–1.53)	0.05
Both-FLD	4,844	270	2.13 (1.80–2.52)	< 0.01	2.01 (1.67–2.41)	< 0.01	1.50 (1.19–1.89)	< 0.01
MAFLD-only	1,776	125	2.77 (2.24–3.43)	< 0.01	2.72 (2.16–3.41)	< 0.01	1.97 (1.49–2.60)	< 0.01
NAFLD-only	482	15	1.12 (0.67–1.89)	0.66	1.06 (0.63–1.78)	0.84	1.06 (0.63–1.79)	0.82

CI confidence interval, CKD chronic kidney disease, FLD fatty liver disease, MAFLD metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease, MD metabolic dysregulation, NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

^†Model 1 was crude.

^‡Model 2 was adjusted for age and sex.

^§Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking, physical activity, prediabetes, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, NAFLD fibrosis score, body mass index.

^¶Metabolic dysregulation; subjects with overweight/obese (body mass index ≥ 23 kg/m²) or had diabetes (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] ≥ 126 mg/dl, hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] ≥ 6.5%, or specific drug treatment), or at least two of the following metabolic risk abnormalities: (i) waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men and ≥ 80 cm in women; (ii) blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg or specific drug treatment; (iii) triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl; (iv) HDL-C < 40 mg/dl for men and < 50 mg/dl for women; (v) prediabetes (FPG 100–125 mg/dl or HbA1c 5.7–6.4%); (vi) homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ≥ 2.5; and (vii) high-sensitivity C-reactive protein > 2 mg/dl.