Table 7.

All-inclusive, high-influencer subtracted and sub-group [intervention duration, dose, and animal model type] analysis to understand the effects of anthocyanins on the propionic acid.

Study/ Subgroup type	SMD	95% CI [µmole/gm]	P value	I2[%]
Study duration
< 4 weeks	1.52	0.01, 3.03	0.05	90
After removing Highly influencing studies	− 0.08	− 1.22, 1.06	0.89	77
≥ 4 weeks	2.82	1.74, 3.91	0.00001	92
After removing Highly influencing studies	2.40	1.34, 3.47	0.00001	90
Dose of anthocyanin
Lower Dose	2.39	0.48, 4.30	0.01	90
After removing Highly influencing studies	2.03	0.16, 3.91	0.03	83
Higher Dose	4.24	1.60, 6.87	0.002	93
After removing Highly influencing studies	4.15	0.73, 7.57	0.02	90
Study model type
High fat diet model	5.27	3.38, 7.16	0.00001	94
After removing Highly influencing studies	4.60	2.30, 6.90	0.0001	95
Other models [Western diet, tumour, colitis]	0.65	− 0.50, 1.45	0.11	84
After removing Highly influencing studies	0.19	− 0.56, 0.93	0.62	79

Pooled effect sizes and 95% CI were determined using Random effects model.

SMD Standardised mean difference, I² = Heterogeneity.