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. 2023 Jan 18;13:1079260. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1079260

Table 3.

Effect of effective microorganisms and nitrogen levels on membrane stability index, relative chlorophyll content, soil-plant-analysis development value, and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PI) of hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants grown in saline soil in spring and autumn seasons.

Treatments MSI (%) RWC (%) SPAD value Fv/Fm PI
Seasons ** ** ** NS NS
 SS 79.3 ± 1.1a 74.2 ± 1.8a 69.6 ± 1.4a 0.78 ± 0.01a 5.3 ± 0.14a
 AS 65.6 ± 07b 69.8 ± 1.3b 66.0 ± 1.5b 0.77 ± 0.01a 5.3 ± 0.16a
EMs ** ** ** ** **
 EMs- 70.2 ± 1.6b 70.0 ± 1.8b 65.1 ± 0.9b 0.75 ± 0.01b 5.0 ± 0.13b
 EMs+ 74.7 ± 2.0a 73.9 ± 1.0a 70.5 ± 1.5a 0.81 ± 0.01a 5.5 ± 0.15a
N levels ** ** * ** **
 N120 70.3 ± 2.1b 68.3 ± 1.2b 65.1 ± 1.8b 0.73 ± 0.01b 4.68 ± 0.12b
 N150 73.4 ± 2.3a 72.1 ± 1.9ab 69.5 ± 1.2a 0.79 ± 0.01a 5.6 ± 0.14a
 N180 73.6 ± 2.5a 75.5 ± 1.9a 68.8 ± 0.7a 0.81 ± 0.01a 5.6 ± 0.15a
EMs × N ** ** ** ** **
 EMs- N120 67.89 ± 2.8d 66.94 ± 1.8d 61.53 ± 0.67c 0.71 ± 0.01c 4.5 ± 0.15c
N150 72.05 ± 3.2bc 68.53 ± 3.0cd 67.87 ± 0.70ab 0.76 ± 0.01b 5.3 ± 0.15ab
N180 70.60 ± 2.6cd 74.62 ± 3.8abc 66.00 ± 1.01b 0.78 ± 0.01b 5.36 ± 0.18ab
 EMs+ N120 72.62 ± 3.2bc 69.66 ± 1.6bcd 68.65 ± 2.9ab 0.75 ± 0.01b 4.8 ± 0.16bc
N150 75.17 ± 3.4ab 75.71 ± 1.3ab 71.20 ± 2.3a 0.83 ± 0.01a 5.9 ± 0.14a
N180 76.18 ± 4.3a 76.40 ± 0.9a 71.55 ± 1.4a 0.83 ± 0.01a 5.9 ± 0.22a

Data represent the single effects of growing seasons, EMs, N levels, or the interaction effect of EMs × N levels. Average values in each column followed by the same letters indicate no significant difference at P ≤ 0.05 using Fisher’s least-significant difference test. * and ** represent significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. NS, no significant difference at P = 0.05. MSI, membrane stability index; RWC, relative chlorophyll content; SPAD, soil-plant-analysis development; Fv/Fm, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II; PI, performace index; SS, spring season; AS, autumn season; EMs-/EMs+, without/with effective microoragisms application; N120/150/180,120/150/180 kg nitrogen ha-1.