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. 2023 Jan 18;13:1079260. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1079260

Table 5.

Effect of effective microorganisms and nitrogen levels on non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants of hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants grown in saline soil in spring and autumn seasons.

Non-enzymatic content Enzymatic activities
Treatments Glutathione Ascorbic acid CAT APX SOD GR
(mg g-1 FW) (µmol mg-1 protein)
Seasons NS NS * ** * **
 SS 0.20 ± 0.01a 0.22 ± 0.01a 0.22 ± 0.01b 0.18 ± 0.01a 0.22 ± 0.01a 0.14 ± 0.01a
 AS 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.23 ± 0.01a 0.23 ± 0.01a 0.16 ± 0.1b 0.21 ± 0.01b 0.11 ± 0.01b
EMs ** ** ** NS ** **
 EMs- 0.17 ± 0.01b 0.20 ± 0.01b 0.20 ± 0.01b 0.17 ± 0.01a 0.19 ± 0.00b 0.10 ± 0.01b
 EMs+ 0.22 ± 0.01a 0.25 ± 0.01a 0.25 ± 0.01a 0.17 ± 0.01a 024 ± 0.01a 0.15 ± 0.00a
N levels ** ** ** ** ** **
 N120 0.15 ± 0.01c 0.19 ± 0.01c 0.19 ± 0.01c 0.16 ± 0.01c 0.21 ± 0.01b 0.11 ± 0.01c
 N150 0.20 ± 0.01b 0.23 ± 0.01b 0.23 ± 0.01b 0.17 ± 0.01b 0.22 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.01b
 N180 0.23 ± 0.01a 0.26 ± 0.01a 0.25 ± 0.01a 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.23 ± 0.01a 0.14 ± 0.01a
EMs × N ** ** ** ** ** **
 EMs- N120 0.14 ± 0.01e 0.17 ± 0.00e 0.17 ± 0.00c 0.16 ± 0.02c 0.19 ± 0.00d 0.08 ± 0.01e
N150 0.18 ± 0.00d 0.21 ± 0.00d 0.21 ± 0.02b 0.14 ± 0.01e 0.19 ± 0.01d 0.09 ± 0.01d
N180 0.20 ± 0.00c 0.22 ± 0.00c 0.22 ± 0.00b 0.20 ± 0.01a 0.21 ± 0.01c 0.11 ± 0.01c
 EMs+ N120 0.16 ± 0.01de 0.20 ± 0.01d 0.22 ± 0.00b 0.15 ± 0.02d 022 ± 0.02b 0.14 ± 0.00b
N150 0.23 ± 0.00b 0.26 ± 0.00b 0.26 ± 0.01a 0.18 ± 0.02b 0.25 ± 0.00a 0.15 ± 0.01b
N180 0.26 ± 0.01a 0.29 ± 0.01a 0.27 ± 0.01a 0.18 ± 0.01b 0.25 ± 0.01a 0.16 ± 0.01a

Data represent the single effects of growing seasons, EMs, N levels, or the interaction effect of EMs × N levels. Average values in each column followed by the same letters indicate no significant difference at P ≤ 0.05 using Fisher’s least-significant difference test. * and ** represent significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. NS, no significant difference at P = 0.05. CAT, catalase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GR, glutathione reductase; FW, fresh weight; SS, spring season; AS, autumn season; EMs-/EMs+, without/with effective microoragisms application; N120/150/180,120/150/180 kg nitrogen ha-1.