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. 2023 Feb 1;23:39. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-01986-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — No change in mean blood pressure was observed after infusion of dexmedetomidine or the reversal agents. Blood pressure was measured with an inflatable tail cuff measurement system at different times. For these studies a group of 8 rats were used. Each rat received 2 sessions of dexmedetomidine sedation, for a total of 16 sessions. Saline, atipamezole, caffeine and atipamezole & caffeine were tested (4 sessions each) 10 min after dexmedetomidine injection. Blood pressure was measured at the following times: a) while rats were receiving 2% isoflurane. b) immediately after insertion of the I-V in the continued presence of 2% isoflurane. c) 3 min after turning the isoflurane level to 1.1% immediately prior to injecting dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg). d) 3 min after dexmedetomidine injection with the rats breathing and O₂/air mixture (no isoflurane). e) 8 min after dexmedetomidine injection with the rats breathing and O₂/air mixture (no isoflurane). A final measurement was made 1 min following injection of either saline, or atipamezole (5 μg/kg), or caffeine (25 mg/kg), or atipamezole (5 μg/kg) & caffeine (25 mg/kg). (n = 4 each). Mean blood pressure values: 2% Isoflurane: 81, 101, 106, 90, 116, 79, 62, 74, 74, 88,109, 104, 88, 70, 98, 112, 96, 2% Isoflurane—After IV: 77, 97, 117, 97, 112, 92, 68, 78, 91, 114, 113, 77, 70, 94, 122, 98, 1.1% Isoflurane: 82, 57, 110, 91, 109, 92, 67, 99, 52, 106, 113, 79, 70, 120, 121, 89, 3 min after dexmedetomidine injection – isoflurane off: 82, 130, 99, 88, 111, 71, 71, 90, 119, 110, 106, 71, 79, 91, 79, 102, 8 min after dexmedetomidine injection – isoflurane off: 76, 120, 89, 84, 104, 76, 69, 85, 104, 104, 94, 74, 69, 88, 89, 93, 1 min after saline injection: 80, 109, 98, 95, 1 min after atipamezole (5 μg/kg) injection: 95, 86, 88, 107, 1 min after caffeine (25 mg/kg) injection: 101, 91, 74, 111, 1 min after atipamezole (5 μg/kg) & caffeine (25 mg/kg) injection: 77, 73, 96, 89