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. 2023 Feb 1;23:39. doi: 10.1186/s12871-023-01986-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — Atipamezole and caffeine effectively reversed high dose (40 µg/kg) dexmedetomidine sedation. A higher dose of atipamezole (20 µg) with caffeine (25 mg/ kg) dramatically accelerated emergence from the deep sedation produced by this high dose of dexmedetomidine. Two distinct groups of 4 rats were exposed to a sedation session using bolus injections of dexmedetomidine. One group received an injection of saline while the other group received atipamezole (20 µg/kg) with caffeine (25 mg/kg). Rats were placed on their backs in a waking box, and the time for the rats to recover their righting reflex was recorded. This time is plotted in the figure as the emergence time. Emergence in saline injected rats was significantly different than in rats injected with atipamezole & caffeine (p < 0.0001; n = 4, unpaired t-test). RORR Times (in seconds): Saline (control): 4857, 7067, 6420, 5580, Atipamezole (20 µg/kg) with Caffeine (25 mg/kg): 42, 39, 58, 47