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. 2023 Feb 1;42:39. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02608-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Primary screening identifies FDA-approved anticancer drugs with cytotoxicity towards RB organoids. A Representative fluorescence micrographs of organoids pre- and post-treatment with a cytotoxic drug. Hoechst (blue) stains all nuclei, whereas ethidium homodimer (orange) stains only dead cells. B Heat map of the growth rate inhibition (GR) values of single doses of drugs (10 µM) in three RB organoids. C GR values of clinically used anticancer drugs for RB. D Venn diagram of drugs with GR ≤ the mean GR value in three organoids. A total of 11 drugs inhibited the growth of all organoids. Scale bar: 100 μm (A)