Table 1.
Hearing screening programmes for (A) newborns and infants in India (LMIC), (B) newborns and infants in China (UMIC), (C) newborns and infants in other Asian countries, (D) newborns and infants in Turkey (UMIC), and (E) newborns and infants in Iran (LMIC)
| (A) | ||||||||
| Author and year | Citation | Duration of programme | Population screened | Screened (n) | Screening protocol | Screening test used | Screening personnel | Diagnostic test |
| Biswas et al 2012 | 104 | 2 years | Newborns | 490 | 1 stage | DPOAE | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| Paul 2011 | 81 | 7 years | Newborns | 10 165 | 2 stage | OAE+OAE (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Person with basic knowledge in computer with training on NHS | Diagnostic ABR |
| Mishra et al 2013 | 32 | 3 years | 0–2 years | 1101 | <6 months of age, 5 stage; 6 months–1 year, 4 stage; 1–2 years, 3 stage | DPOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Ramesh et al 2012 | 85 | 2 years | Newborns | 425 | 1 stage | Calibrated noise maker-based Behavioral Observation Audiometry (BOA) | Trained health workers (30 hours of training) | Diagnostic ABR, OAE and BOA |
| Rai et al 2013 | 63 | 1 year | Newborns | 500 | 3 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE+TEOAE | ENT Specialist (Ear Nose Throat) | Diagnostic ABR |
| Kumar et al 2015 | 17 | 1 year 8 months | High risk <2 years of age | 500 | 2 stage | TEOAE+AABR | Audiologist | Not mentioned |
| Gupta et al 2015 | 50 | 1 year | Newborns | 2265 | 2 stage | AABR+AABR | Single specialist staff | Not mentioned |
| Vignesh et al 2015 | 18 | 1.5 years | Newborns | 1405 | 2 stage | TEOAE+AABR | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Vishwakarma et al 2015 | 54 | 1 year 8 months | Newborns | Well babies: 2000 High risk:1020 |
3 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE+AABR | Nurse, resident doctor/certified audiologist | Diagnostic ABR |
| Paul et al 2016 | 33 | 11 years | Newborns | Well babies: 84 774 High risk: 16 914 |
2 stage | OAE+OAE (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Person with basic training in hearing screening | Diagnostic ABR |
| Sharma et al 2018 | 86 | 3 years | Newborns | 2534 | 2 stage | DPOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Kumar et al 2016 | 105 | 2 years | Newborns | 1537 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE+AABR | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| Sachdeva et al 2017 | 87 | 10 months | Newborns | 2254 | 2 stage | (HRR+BOA+DPOAE)+DPOAE | Not mentioned | Confirmatory, diagnostic ABR |
| Kumar et al 2017 | 82 | No info | Newborns | 600 | 2 stage | TEOAE+DPOAE | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| Swain et al 2017 | 88 | 1.5 years | Newborns | 410 | 2 stage | DPOAE+DPOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Bhat et al 2018 | 19 | 1 year | High-risk newborns | 195 | 1 stage | TEOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Bishnoi et al 2018 | 89 | No info | Newborns | 2000 | 2 stage | (OAE and Tymp)+OAE (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Parab et al 2018 | 34 | 3 years | Newborns | 8192 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Audiologist | Diagnostic ABR |
| Jacob et al 2020 | 35 | 2 years | Newborns | 773 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Nishad et al 2020 | 36 | 1 year | Newborns | 1000 | 2 stage | OAE+OAE (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Sija et al 2022 | 37 | 4 years | Newborns | 16 265 | 2 stage | DPOAE+DPOAE | Trained nurse | Diagnostic ABR |
| (B) | ||||||||
| Author and year | Citation | Duration of programme | Population screened | Screened (n) | Screening protocol | Screening test used | Screening personnel | Diagnostic test |
| Zhang et al 2012 | 106 | 1.5 years | Newborns | 10 043 | 2 stage+genetic screening | TEOAE+(TEOAE and AABR) | Nurse | Not mentioned |
| Tobe et al 2013 | 83 | 2 years | Newborns | Not mentioned | 2 stage | OAE+AABR (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Trained personnel, no info | Not mentioned |
| Chen et al 2012 | 38 | 2 years | Newborns | 11 568 | 2 stage | TEOAE | Audiologist | Diagnostic ABR, TFT, impedance, ASSR at hospital |
| Shang et al 2016 | 52 | 6 months | Newborns | 1064 | 2 stage | First protocol: TEOAE+TEOAE Second protocol: (TEOAE and ABR screen)+TEOAE |
Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Wenjin et al 2018 | 20 | 2 years | Newborns | 19 098 | 2 stage | Well babies: DPOAE+ABR screening High-risk babies: (DPOAE and ABR screening) (DPOAE and ABR screening) |
Nurse | Otoscopy, diagnostic ABR at 30 dBHL, Tymp; DPOAEs |
| Wang et al 2019 | 21 | 5 years | Newborns | 55 977 | 2 stage | OAE+AABR (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Nurse | Comprehensive diagnostic audiometry around 3 months of age |
| Dai et al 2019 | 22 | 1 year | Newborns | 180 469 | 2 stage+genetic screening | TEOAE+(TEOAE and AABR) | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR, ASSR, DPOAE, immitance |
| Zeng et al 2020 | 23 | 1 year | Newborns | 4205 | 2 stage+genetic screening | OAE+AABR screening (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Not mentioned | No |
| Wen et al 2020 | 24 | 2 years | Newborns | 467 980 | 2 stage | OAE+(OAE and AABR) (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| Guo et al 2020 | 25 | 2 years 4 months | Infants >3 months | 287 430 | 2 stage+genetic | OAE+AABR (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Guomei et al 2022 | 53 | 9 months | Newborns | 2174 | 2 stage+genetic | OAE+OAE (non-mentioned DP/TE) | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| (C) | |||||||||
| Author and year | Citation | Country | Duration of programme | Population screened | Screened (n) | Screening protocol | Screening test used | Screening personnel | Diagnostic test |
| Ahmad et al 2011 | 64 | Malaysia (MIC) | 5 years | Newborns | 16 000 | 3 stage | DPOAE+DPOAE+DPOAE | Technician, staff nurse, ward attendants | Diagnostic ABR |
| Wong et al 2021 | 26 | Malaysia (UMIC) | 2 years | Newborns | 28 432 | 1 and 2 stage | 1 stage: AABR 2 stage: DPOAE+AABR |
Nurses | Diagnostic ABR |
| Tungvachirakul et al 2011 | 39 | Thailand (UMIC) | 1 year 11 months | Newborns | 4043 | 2 stage | OAE+OAE (not mentioned DP/TE) | Not mentioned | ASSR |
| Poonual et al 2016 | 107 | Thailand (UMIC) | 1 year 7 months | Newborns | 3120 | 2 stage | Automated TEOAE+conventional TEOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Poonual et al 2017 | 27 | Thailand (UMIC) | Not mentioned | Newborns | 3120 | 3 stage | COBRA HRR tool+TEOAE+AABR | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| Poonual et al 2017 | 96 | Thailand (UMIC) | 1 year | Newborns | 3120 | 2 stage | TEOAE+AABR | Not mentioned | ABR at 3 and 8 months |
| Pitathawatchai et al 2019 | 40 | Thailand (UMIC) | 1 year 7 months | Newborns | 6140 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Nurses | Not mentioned |
| Ray et al 2021 | 41 | Nepal (LMIC) | 2 years | Newborns | 540 | 2 stage | OAE+OAE (not mentioned DP/TE) | Not mentioned | Diagnostic OAE and diagnostic ABR |
| Mazlan et al 2022 | 28 | Malaysia (UMIC) | 10 years | Newborns | 50 633 | 2 stage | TEOAE+AABR | Trained nurses and medical technologists | Diagnostic ABR |
| Shameem et al 2022 | 42 | Bangladesh (LMIC) | 2 years | High-risk newborns | 426 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Khaimook et al 2022 | 43 | Thailand (UMIC) | 6 months | Newborns | 1696 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Trained nurse and audiologist | Diagnostic ABR+Tymp |
| (D) | ||||||||
| Author and year | Citation | Duration of programme | Population screened | Screened (n) | Screening protocol | Screening test used | Screening personnel | Diagnostic test |
| Tasci et al 2010 | 55 | 14 months | Newborns | 16 975 | 3 steps | TEOAE+TEOAE+ ABR | Audiology technician | Diagnostic ABR |
| Sennaroglu et al 2011 | 44 | 1 year | Newborns | 1840 | 2 stage | TEOAE | Audiologist or audiometrist | Diagnostic ABR; |
| Ulusoy et al 2014 | 56 | 3 years | Newborns | 11 575 | 3 stage | TEOAE+AABR | 2 audiometrists and 1 nurse | Diagnostic ABR, the level 3 centre |
| Kemaloğlu et al 2016 | 57 | 10 years | Newborns | 19 436 (I/P) 2083 (O/P) |
3 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE+(TEOAE and AABR) | Audiology technicians and audiology students | Diagnostic ABR |
| Yorulmaz et al 2017 | 58 | 5 years | Newborns | 13 693 | 3 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE+AABR | Audiometrist | Diagnostic ABR, Tymp, acoustic reflexes, ASSR |
| Çelik et al 2016 | 45 | 6 years | Newborns | 142 128 | 2 stage | TEOAE (twice same day)+TEOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Ozturk et al 2017 | 59 | 2 years | Newborns | 7502 | 3 stage | Wellbabies: DPOAE+DPOAE+ ABR screening Highrisk babies: Direct ABR |
Audiologist | Diagnostic ABR |
| Hamdi 2018 | 60 | 2 years | Newborns | 1808 | 3 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE+ABR screening | Nurses (trained) | Diagnostic ABR |
| Yücel et al 2019 | 65 | 2 years | Newborns | 786 Syrian and 7230 turkish | 3 stage | (TEOAE and Tymp)+TEOAE+ABR | Not mentioned | Detailed testing |
| Arslan et al 2013 | 46 | 8 months | Newborns | 2229 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Nurse | Diagnostic ABR |
| Çıkrıkçı et al 2020 | 51 | 1.5 years | Newborns | 702 turkish 172 syrian |
2 stage | AABR+AABR | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| (E) | ||||||||
| Author and year | Citation | Duration of programme | Population screened | Screened (n) | Screening protocol | Screening test used | Screening personnel | Diagnostic test |
| Arjmandi et al 2012 | 47 | 1 year | Newborns | 1232 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Islami et al 2013 | 48 | 1.5 years | Newborns | 7250 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Audiologists | Diagnostic ABR |
| Firoozbakht et al 2014 | 29 | 8 years | Newborns | 3 350 995 | 2 stage | TEOAE+AABR | Audiologists, nurses, midwives and trained health technicians. | Comprehensive test |
| Zahed et al 2014 | 30 | 8 years | Newborns | 40 930 | 2 stage | TEOAE+ABR | Audiologists | ABR/ASSR and immittance audiometry, |
| Farhat et al 2014 | 90 | 2 years | Newborns | 8987 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Not mentioned | ASSR |
| Haghshenas et al 2014 | 61 | 2 years | Newborns | 15 165 | 3 stage | OAE+OAE+(OAE and AABR) (not mentioned DP/TE) | Audiologist | ABR screening |
| Baradaranfar et al 2014 | 108 | 1 year | Newborns | 514 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | Not mentioned | Diagnostic ABR |
| Azizi et al 2016 | 49 | 1.5 years | Newborns | 3818 | 2 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE | not mentioned | ABR, |
| Tajik et al 2016 | 31 | 4 years | Newborns | 3362 | 2 stage | TEOAE+(TEOAE and ABR) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| Saki et al 2017 | 84 | 3 years | Newborns | 92 521 | 2 stage | First and second:TEOAE+AABR | Audiologists | Diagnostic OAE and ABR |
| Rahimi et al 2018 | 62 | 5 years | Newborns | 4729 | 3 stage | TEOAE+TEOAE+AABR | Audiologist | Diagnostic ABR |
AABR, automated auditory brainstem response; ABR, auditory brainstem response; ASSR, auditory steady-state response; BOA, behavioral observation audiometry; DPOAE, distortion product otoacoustic emission; LMIC, lower middle-income country; MIC, middle-income country; NHS, newborn hearing screening; OAE, otoacoustic emission; PTA, pure tone audiometry; TEOAE, transient evoked otoacoustic emission; Tymp, tympanometry; UMIC, upper middle-income country.