Table 2.
Hearing screening programmes for older children
| Author and year | Citation | Country | Duration of programme | Age of screening (years) | Screened (n) | Screening protocol | Screening test used | Pass/fail criteria | Screening personnel | Diagnostic test | Diagnostic person |
| Tuli et al 2012 | 66 | India | 2 years | 5–16 years | 111 | 1 stage | Case history, audiological and ENT evaluation, awareness and SIFTER | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | ENT and PTA and diagnostic ABR | Audiologist |
| Chadha et al 2013 | 67 | India | 3 years | 5–12 years | 15 718 | 1 stage | Otoscopy, 10-Question Screening Index for Disabilities in English and Hindi |
Positive history of hearing or speech defects, a positive finding on examination | Proforma: parents, otoscopy: otolaryngologists |
Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| Ramkumar et al 2018 | 77 | India | 2 years | Birth–5 years | 1335 | 2 stages | DPOAE+DPOAE | >SNR 3 dB | Trained village health worker | Telediagnostic ABR | Audiologist |
| Ramkumar et al 2019 | 76 | India | 2 years | Birth–5 years | 2815 | 2 stages | DPOAE+DPOAE | >SNR 3 dB | Trained village health Worker | Diagnostic ABR—in person and telediagnostic ABR | Audiologist |
| Verma et al 2022 | 91 | India | 6 months | 6–17 years | 597 | 1 stage | Tuning fork test | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | PTA and Tymp | Audiologist |
| Shekhar et al 2022 | 68 | India | Not mentioned | 5–14 years | 474 | 1 stage | PTA | Not mentioned | ENT specialist | ENT examination | ENT specialist |
| Lü et al 2011 | 69 | China | 1 year | 3–6 years | 21 427 | 1 stage | PTA | 1, 2 and 4 kHz >20 dB | Screening person with training (training programme with certificate) | PTA (5–6 years) VRA or play PTA (3–4 years) |
Not mentioned |
| Chen et al 2013 | 80 | China | 1 year 5 months | 3–6 years | 28 546 | 1 stage | TEOAE | >SNR 3 dB | School nurses and doctors 2 hours of training |
Comprehensive test | Not mentioned Audiologist |
| Wu et al 2014 | 70 | China | Not mentioned | 3–6 years | 6288 | 1 stage | Software-based new PTA | >30 dBHL at 1, 2 and 4 kHz | Preschool teachers—minimally trained | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| Kam et al 2014 | 71 | China | Not mentioned | 3–7 years | 6231 | 1 stage | Automated PTA | >30 dBHL at 1, 2 and 4 kHz | Automatic test: nurses with 2 hours’ training as facilitator | Tymp, DPOAE and PTA (0.25–8.0 kHz) | Not mentioned |
| Tokgöz-Yılmaz et al 2013 | 72 | Turkey | 3 years | 3–5 years | 239 | 1 stage | PTA | Not mentioned | Audiologist and SLP | ENT examination | ENT specialist |
| Kaplama et al 2020 | 79 | Turkey | 1 year | 69–84 months | 23 664 | 2 stage | PTA, 10 questionnaire |
500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz >20 dB 10 questions—refer in 1 question |
Certified nurses, midwives, health officers or audiometrists, | ENT examination | ENT specialist |
| TarvijEslami et al 2017 | 78 | Iran | 1 year | 6–7 years | 2237 | Not mentioned | PTA | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | PTA, Weber, Rinne test |
Not mentioned |
| Jalali et al 2020 | 73 | Iran | 4 months | 6–13 years | 2019 | 1 stage | PTA | 0.5–4.0 kHz >15 dBHL | Not mentioned | ENT examination and comprehensive audiological examination | Not mentioned |
| Skarzyński et al 2016 | 8 | Tajikistan (LMIC) | Not mentioned | 6–8 years | 143 | 1 stage | Questionnaire, PTA using SZOK telemed model |
PTA module (500–8 kHz) >25 dB at one frequency | Medical doctors Other specialists |
Detailed PTA | Audiologists |
| Alaqrabawi et al 2016 | 74 | Jordan (UMIC) | 4 years | 5–15 years | 1649 | 1 stage | PTA | 500 Hz, 1, 2 and 4 kHz >25 dB | Not mentioned | Audiometry, otoscopy and Tymp |
Audiologists |
| Al-Obeidy et al 2019 | 75 | Iraq (UMIC) | 1 year | 6 years | 425 | 1 stage | HR questionnaire | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | ENT examination, TFT (Weber, Rinne and absolute bone conductio). HRR children: PTA |
Not mentioned |
ABR, auditory brainstem response; BOA, behavioral observation audiometry; DPOAE, distortion product otoacoustic emission; HRR, high-risk register; LMIC, lower middle-income country; PTA, pure tone audiometry; SIFTER, Screening Identification For Targeting Educational Risk; SNR, signal-to-noise ratio; TEOAE, transient evoked otoacoustic emission; TFT, Tuning Fork Test; Tymp, tympanometry; UMIC, upper middle-income country.