Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population (Denmark, 2000–2017) according to road traffic noise exposure at the most exposed façade.

Baseline characteristics	Entire population ($N=\mathrm{3,520,926}$)	$>55\mathrm{dB}$ road traffic noise ($n=\mathrm{2,164,287}$)	$\le 55\mathrm{dB}$ road traffic noise ($n=\mathrm{1,356,639}$)
Sex [% (men)]	49.1	49.5	48.5
Age ($\text{mean}\pm \text{standard deviation}$)	$46.5\pm 14.7$	$43.8\pm 14.7$	$50.7\pm 13.7$
Country of origin (%)
Denmark	99.0	98.9	99.2
Other Western country	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-Western country	0.6	0.7	0.4
Civil status (%)
Married or cohabiting	73.2	69.7	78.9
Widow(er)	4.6	4.1	5.5
Divorced	5.9	6.1	5.4
Single	16.3	20.1	10.2
Individual income (%)a
Q1	20.3	20.8	19.4
Q2	21.0	21.9	19.7
Q3	21.0	21.9	19.6
Q4	19.8	19.5	20.3
Q5	17.9	15.9	21.0
Occupational status (%)
Blue-collar	40.0	40.9	38.5
Low-level white-collar	17.7	18.4	16.6
High-level white-collar	12.4	12.8	11.7
Unemployed	6.0	6.9	4.7
Retired	23.9	21.0	28.5
Highest attained education (%)
Mandatory education	32.8	30.9	36.0
Secondary or vocational education	47.4	47.7	46.8
Medium or long education	19.8	21.4	17.3
High-quality green space
$\ge 15\%$ in $150\text{-m}$ radius	19.6	18.5	21.3
$\ge 20\%$ in $\mathrm{1,000}\text{-m}$ radius	24.3	22.6	26.9
Area-level factors ($\text{mean}\pm \text{standard deviation}$)b
% of population with low income (1st quartile)	$4.7\pm 2.3$	$5.0\pm 2.5$	$4.2\pm 1.9$
% unemployed in population	$1.6\pm 0.6$	$1.6\pm 0.6$	$1.6\pm 0.6$
% of population in manual labor	$14.7\pm 4.0$	$13.9\pm 4.1$	$15.9\pm 3.5$
% of population with only basic education	$12.1\pm 3.8$	$11.6\pm 3.9$	$13.0\pm 3.5$
% population with criminal record	$0.5\pm 0.3$	$0.5\pm 0.4$	$0.5\pm 0.3$
% single-parent families	$5.2\pm 1.8$	$5.2\pm 1.8$	$5.1\pm 1.8$

Note: Data were complete for all variables. The corresponding number of persons for each category is shown on Table S1. dB, decibel.

^a Individual income quintiles were standardized by calendar year and sex.

^b Based on the 2,160 parishes available in Denmark.