Table 2.

Associations between 1-, 5-, and 10-y averaged residential exposure to road traffic and railway noise (linear, per 10 dB) at the most (${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}\text{max}$) and least (${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}\text{min}$) exposed façade and risk of incident tinnitus (40,692 cases, including both primary and secondary tinnitus diagnoses). Results were derived from cox proportional hazards models.

Noise exposure per 10 dB	Basic modela HR (95% CI)	Fully adjusted modelb HR (95% CI)
Road traffic, ${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}\text{max}$
1-y exposure	1.02 (1.01, 1.03)	1.01 (1.00, 1.02)
5-y exposure	1.03 (1.01, 1.04)	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)
10-y exposure	1.03 (1.02, 1.04)	1.02 (1.01, 1.03)
Road traffic, ${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}\text{min}$
1-y exposure	1.05 (1.04, 1.07)	1.04 (1.03, 1.06)
5-y exposure	1.06 (1.04, 1.07)	1.05 (1.03, 1.07)
10-y exposure	1.06 (1.05, 1.08)	1.06 (1.04, 1.08)
Railway, ${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}\text{max}$
1-y exposure	1.03 (1.00, 1.06)	1.01 (0.98, 1.04)
5-y exposure	1.03 (1.00, 1.06)	1.00 (0.98, 1.03)
10-y exposure	1.02 (0.99, 1.04)	0.99 (0.97, 1.02)
Railway, ${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}\text{min}$
1-y exposure	1.08 (1.04, 1.12)	1.02 (0.98, 1.06)
5-y exposure	1.06 (1.02, 1.10)	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)
10-y exposure	1.05 (1.02, 1.09)	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)

Note: CI, confidence interval; dB, decibel; HR, hazard ratio.

^a Adjusted for age (underlying time scale, sex, and calendar year).

^b Adjustment for age (underlying time scale), sex, calendar year, civil status, income, country of origin, occupational status, education, proportion of high-quality green areas within 150 and $\mathrm{1,000}\mathrm{m}$ buffers, and a number of area-level socioeconomic variables: percentage of population with low income, with only basic education, who are unemployed, with manual labor, who are single-parent and with a criminal record, as well as mutual road traffic and railway noise adjustment. All covariates, apart from sex and region of origin, were included in the model as time-varying variables.