Table 1.
Characteristics of children and adolescents according to the pandemic impact
| COVID-19 pandemic impact | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 2101) | None or mild (n = 1834) | Severe (n = 267) | P-value | |
| Age (median [IQR]) | 10 (7–13) | 10 (7–13) | 10 (7–14) | 1.000 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1035 (49.3) | 901 (49.1) | 134 (50.2) | 1.000 |
| Male | 1063 (50.6) | 930 (50.7) | 133 (49.8) | |
| Other | 3 (0.1) | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Physical or mental health condition | ||||
| No | 1653 (78.7) | 1473 (80.3) | 180 (67.4) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 447 (21.3) | 360 (19.6) | 87 (32.6) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N serological status | ||||
| Negative | 611 (29.1) | 530 (28.9) | 81 (30.3) | 1.000 |
| Positive | 1387 (66.0) | 1219 (66.5) | 168 (62.9) | |
| Undetermined | 18 (0.9) | 17 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Missing | 85 (4.0) | 68 (3.7) | 17 (6.4) | |
| Number of friends | ||||
| Several | 1364 (64.9) | 1215 (66.2) | 149 (55.8) | < 0.001 |
| One | 305 (14.5) | 249 (13.6) | 56 (21.0) | |
| None | 58 (2.8) | 41 (2.2) | 17 (6.4) | |
| Unknown/not applicablea | 374 (17.8) | 329 (17.9) | 45 (16.9) | |
| Change in physical activity timeb | ||||
| Similar | 1333 (63.4) | 1227 (66.9) | 106 (39.7) | < 0.001 |
| Increase | 170 (8.1) | 141 (7.7) | 29 (10.9) | |
| Decrease | 341 (16.2) | 244 (13.3) | 97 (36.3) | |
| Unknown/not applicablec | 257 (12.2) | 222 (12.1) | 35 (13.1) | |
| Change in leisure screen timeb | ||||
| Similar | 886 (42.2) | 806 (43.9) | 80 (30.0) | < 0.001 |
| Increase | 975 (46.4) | 813 (44.3) | 162 (60.7) | |
| Decrease | 23 (1.1) | 21 (1.1) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Unknown/not applicablec | 167 (7.9) | 154 (8.4) | 13 (4.9) | |
| Missing | 50 (2.4) | 40 (2.2) | 10 (3.7) | |
| Change in time spent with parentb | ||||
| Similar | 1309 (62.3) | 1199 (65.4) | 110 (41.2) | < 0.001 |
| Increase | 640 (30.5) | 539 (29.4) | 101 (37.8) | |
| Decrease | 97 (4.6) | 61 (3.3) | 36 (13.5) | |
| Unknown | 55 (2.6) | 35 (1.9) | 20 (7.5) | |
| Parent–child relationship | ||||
| Good | 1723 (82.0) | 1541 (84.0) | 182 (68.2) | < 0.001 |
| Rather good | 338 (16.1) | 268 (14.6) | 70 (26.2) | |
| Average-to-poor | 40 (1.9) | 25 (1.4) | 15 (5.6) | |
| Parent mood | ||||
| Good | 1832 (87.2) | 1644 (89.7) | 186 (69.7) | < 0.001 |
| Average-to-poor | 267 (12.7) | 187 (10.2) | 80 (30.0) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Household financial situation | ||||
| Very good | 732 (34.8) | 680 (37.1) | 52 (19.5) | < 0.001 |
| Good | 864 (41.1) | 759 (41.4) | 105 (39.3) | |
| Average-to-poor | 360 (17.1) | 264 (14.4) | 96 (36.0) | |
| Unknown/no answer | 142 (6.8) | 129 (7.0) | 13 (4.9) | |
| Missing | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Health-related quality of life | ||||
| Average to good | 1843 (87.7) | 1650 (90.0) | 193 (72.3) | < 0.001 |
| Poor | 208 (9.9) | 144 (7.9) | 64 (24.0) | |
| Missing | 50 (2.4) | 40 (2.2) | 10 (3.7) | |
| Mental health | ||||
| Average to good | 1994 (94.9) | 1764 (96.2) | 230 (86.1) | < 0.001 |
| Poor | 105 (5.0) | 68 (3.7) | 37 (13.9) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
Results are numbers (%) for categorical variables and median (interquartile range) for continuous ones. P-values are from Chi-squared test for categorical variables and Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous ones, adjusted for multiple comparison with the Bonferroni method
aNot applicable if younger than 6 years
bReported change as a result of the pandemic
cNot applicable if stated so by parent, or if younger than 1 year for leisure screen time change or 2 years for physical activity at pandemic onset