Comparison 2. Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation (modality): post‐treatment.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
2.1 Cognition ‐ modality	34	2340	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.40 [0.25, 0.55]
2.1.1 One to twelve months of group CS	27	1637	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.26, 0.59]
2.1.2 One to twelve months of individual CS	7	703	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [‐0.03, 0.64]
2.2 MMSE ‐ modality	25	1893	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.99 [1.24, 2.74]
2.2.1 One to twelve months of group CS	21	1325	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.16 [1.58, 2.74]
2.2.2 One to twelve months of individual CS	4	568	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.18 [‐0.91, 3.28]
2.3 ADAS‐Cog ‐ modality	21	1742	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.42 [1.21, 3.63]
2.3.1 One to twelve months of group CS	17	1168	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.66 [1.12, 4.20]
2.3.2 One to twelve months of individual CS	4	574	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.92 [‐0.00, 3.85]
2.4 Quality of Life: self‐report	18	1584	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.25 [0.07, 0.42]
2.4.1 One to twelve months of group CS	13	1058	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.28 [0.05, 0.52]
2.4.2 One to twelve months of individual CS	5	526	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [‐0.09, 0.30]
2.5 Quality of Life: proxy‐rated	11	988	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [0.00, 0.42]
2.5.1 One to twelve months of group CS	7	511	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.26 [‐0.06, 0.58]
2.5.2 One to twelve months of individual CS	4	477	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [‐0.11, 0.47]
2.6 Mood: self‐reported	10	787	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [‐0.08, 0.31]
2.6.1 One to twelve months of group cognitive stimulation	6	299	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.20 [‐0.06, 0.45]
2.6.2 One to twelve months of individual cognitive stimulation	4	488	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.28, 0.35]
2.7 Instrumental ADL	13	1318	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.15 [0.04, 0.26]
2.7.1 One to twelve months of group cognitive stimulation	8	687	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.20 [0.05, 0.35]
2.7.2 One to twelve months of individual cognitive stimulation	5	631	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐0.06, 0.25]
2.8 Behaviour that challenges	12	1340	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [‐0.01, 0.38]
2.8.1 One to twelve months of group cognitive stimulation	8	754	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.11, 0.54]
2.8.2 One to twelve months of individual cognitive stimulation	4	586	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.28, 0.19]
2.9 Caregiver outcome ‐ depressed mood	8	664	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.10, 0.21]
2.9.1 One to twelve months of group cognitive stimulation	3	37	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.00, 1.36]
2.9.2 One to twelve months of individual cognitive stimulation	5	627	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.14, 0.18]