Rai 2021.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	N = 61 (19F/42M) Dementia of any type according to DSM‐IV criteria 71% receiving AChEI medication Age 73.0 (SD 7.7; range: 50–89) Community
Interventions	Individual cognitive stimulation therapy (iCST) app, delivered by family caregiver (N = 31) Treatment‐as‐usual controls (N = 30)
Outcomes	Cognition: ADAS‐Cog Quality of Life: QoL‐AD (self‐report and proxy); EQ‐5D Quality of relationship: Quality of the Carer‐Patient Relationship Scale (QCPR) ADL: Bristol ADL Scale Mood: Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) (self‐ and proxy‐rated) Behaviour problems: NPI Caregiver outcomes: Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale (HADS); EQ‐5D; QCPR
Notes	Recommended 30 minutes, 2‐3 times a week, for 11 weeks
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	On‐line central randomisation service used for block randomisation
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Steps taken to ensure allocation concealment appropriate
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinded researcher carried out all post‐baseline outcome assessments.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Intention‐to‐treat analyses and reasons for attrition explained
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes cited in Methods section were reported.
Other bias ‐ training and supervision	Low risk	Training and support provided for carers implementing the intervention
Other bias ‐ treatment manual	Low risk	App based closely on conventional iCST manual (Yates 2014)