Young 2019.
| Study characteristics | ||
| Methods | RCT | |
| Participants | N = 101 (81F/20M) Mild dementia according to DSM‐V criteria Mean MMSE 20.7 (SD 2.3) Age 80.2 (SD 6.4) Community |
|
| Interventions | Cognitive stimulation plus Tai Chi groups (N = 51) Treatment‐as‐usual controls (N = 50) |
|
| Outcomes | Cognition: MMSE; Mattis Dementia Rating Scale | |
| Notes | 60 minutes, twice a week, for 7 weeks | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk | "The randomization and group assignment process was conducted using computer software." |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information about concealment |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Blinded assessor |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | "Intention‐ to‐treat principle using last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis for any missing data." Attrition rates given |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | All outcome measures mentioned in methods were reported. |
| Other bias ‐ training and supervision | Low risk | Training and supervision given and checks on adherence |
| Other bias ‐ treatment manual | Low risk | Standardised manual produced and structure described. |
ACE‐III: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination ‐III
AChEI: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
AD: Alzheimer’s disease
ADAS‐COG: Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale ‐ Cognitive Subscale
ADCS‐ADL: Alzheimer’s Dementia Cooperative Study ‐ Activities of Daily Living Inventory
ADL: Activities of Daily Living
ADRDA: Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association
ApoE: apolipoprotein E
Behave‐AD: Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale
CAM‐COG(‐DS): Cambridge Cognitive Examination adapted for individuals with Down Syndrome
CAPE: Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly
CBIC: Clinician's Interview‐Based Impression of Change
CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating
CERAD: Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease test
CESD‐R: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale‐Revised
CS: cognitive stimulation
CSDD: Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia
CSDS: Cognitive Scale for Down Syndrome
CST: cognitive stimulation therapy
CST‐PD: cognitive stimulation therapy – Parkinson’s disease
DAD: Disability Assessment for Dementia
DEMQOL: Dementia Quality of Life Instrument
DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies
DSM(‐III/‐IV(‐TR)/‐5/‐V): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (‐III/‐IV(‐TR)/‐5/‐V)
E‐ADL: Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living
ECA: ‘Echelle comportementale adaptive’ (behaviour adaption scale)
EID‐Q: Engagement and Independence in Dementia Questionnaire
ENB2: Esame Neuropsicologico Breve 2
EQ‐5D(‐3L): EuroQol 5 dimension scale (‐3 level)
GDS(‐15/‐30): Geriatric Depression Scale (‐15/‐30 item)
GHQ: General Health Questionnaire
HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
ICD‐10: International Classification of Diseases ‐10
IQR: interquartile range
ITT: intention to treat
LOCF: last observation carried forward
MAKS: motor stimulation; activities of daily living; cognitive stimulation; spiritual element
MCI: mild cognitive impairment
MCS: mental component score
MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment
MMSE: Mini‐Mental State Examination
NINCDS: National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke
NOSGER: Nurses’ Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients
NPI(‐NH): Neuropsychiatric Inventory (‐Nursing Home)
PCS: physical component score
PDD: Parkinson's disease dementia
PPOM: Positive Psychology Outcome Measure
QCPR: Quality of Caregiver‐Patient Relationship
QOL‐AD): Quality of Life ‐ Alzheimer’s disease
QOL‐D: Quality of Life in dementia
RAID: Rating of Anxiety in Dementia
RAM: Roy’s adaptation model
RBANS: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
RCT: randomised controlled trial
RDRS: Rapid Disability Rating Scale
RO: reality orientation
ROT: reality orientation therapy
RUD‐FOCA: Resource Utilization in Dementia—Formal Care
SADEM: study on ageing and dementia in Mexico
SAS: Statistical Analysis System
SCIDS: Sense of Competence In Dementia Care Staff Scale
SDAT: senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type
SF(‐12/‐36): Short Form‐12/36 Health Survey
SKT: Syndrom‐Kurztest
SMMSE: Standardised Mini‐Mental State Examination
TAU: treatment as usual
WAIS‐III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ‐ III
WHODAS: World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule
WHOQOL: World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment