| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Alves 2014 | No separate data for people with dementia (MCI) |
| Apostolo 2013 | No data for people with dementia |
| Apostolo 2014 | No data for people with dementia |
| Arcoverde 2008 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation. Diagnoses varied, not purely dementia |
| Baglio 2015 | Multi‐component intervention |
| Baines 1987 | Unclear diagnostic criteria: "moderate‐to‐severe impairment of cognitive function" |
| Basak 2008 | Intervention described did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation; better fit for cognitive training |
| Brook 1975 | Did not not include a measure of cognitive function |
| Buettner 2011 | Included both people with dementia and with MCI ‐ results not given separately |
| Calatayud 2022 | No data provided for people with dementia (MCI) |
| Camargo 2015 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Camargo 2019 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Carlson 2008 | Intervention described did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation but for cognitive training. Diagnoses varied, not purely dementia |
| Cassinello 2008 | Did not report an RCT |
| Cheng 2006 | Intervention described did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Constantinidou 2008 | Intervention described did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Croisile 2006 | Did not report results from an RCT |
| Davis 2001 | Cognitive stimulation (delivered for 30 minutes a day, 6 days a week by family caregivers) confounded with cognitive training‐spaced retrieval and face name associations |
| Devita 2021 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Eckroth‐Bucher 2009 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation. Diagnoses varied, not purely dementia |
| Eggermont 2009a | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Eggermont 2009b | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Evans 2009 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Faggian 2007 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Fanto 2002 | No mention of randomisation; available only as a conference abstract |
| Farina 2006a | Non‐randomised allocation; comparison was with an active treatment group. |
| Farina 2006b | Non‐randomised allocation; comparison was with an active treatment group. |
| Fernandez‐Calvo 2010 | In Spanish ‐ only the abstract was in English |
| Ferrario 1991 | Unclear diagnostic criteria: "Elderly patients with cognitive disturbances" |
| Folkerts 2018 | No data for people with a dementia diagnosis |
| Gerber 1991 | Eligible study, but no extractable data provided. Only data available were for a composite cognitive and behavioural scale. |
| Goldstein 1982 | Around 25% of participants appeared not to have dementia; other diagnoses included schizophrenia, epilepsy and ruptured aneurysm. |
| Gonzalez‐Abraldes 2010 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Green 2009 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Greenaway 2008 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation |
| Han 2017 | No separate data for people with dementia (MCI) |
| Hanley 1981 | Eligible study, but no extractable data available |
| Hill 2014 | Study sample was people with dementia AND superimposed delirium. |
| Holden 1978 | Diagnoses varied, not purely dementia. Not clear that participants were randomised to the intervention and control groups |
| Johnson 1981 | Allocation of patients to treatment was not random for various practical reasons. |
| Justo‐Henriques 2019 | No data for people with dementia (MCI) |
| Kim 2015 | No data for people with dementia (MCI) |
| Kim 2020 | Intervention did not not meet definition of cognitive stimulation. |
| Kolanowski 2016 | Delirium superimposed on dementia |
| Liu 2021 | Allocation to intervention and control not random |
| Luttenberger 2019 | Data not available for people with dementia ‐ included MCI |
| Matsuda 2007 | Non‐randomised study |
| McCormick 2019 | No cognitive outcome measure |
| Menna 2016 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Meza‐Kubo 2009 | Not a randomised control trial |
| Milev 2008 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation ‐ related to 'snoezelen'. |
| Mudge 2008 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation. |
| Muniz 2015 | No data for people with dementia ‐ combined with MCI |
| Newson 2006 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation. Diagnoses varied, not dementia |
| Niu 2010 | Intervention met criteria for cognitive training rather than cognitive stimulation. |
| Okamura 2018 | Not cognitive stimulation ‐ described cognitive training |
| Olazaran 2004 | 12/84 participants with diagnoses of MCI; results not presented separately for those with Alzheimer's disease. Interventions included additional elements as physical exercise. |
| Oliveira 2021 | Did not meet definition of cognitive stimulation |
| Onieva‐Zafra 2018 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Orrell 2005 | Allocation to intervention and control groups not random for maintenance study |
| Perkins 2022 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Piras 2017 | Comparison was with alternate treatment. |
| Quayhagen 1995 | Although intervention was described as cognitive stimulation, it appeared to focus on specific cognitive modalities, and so fits better with cognitive training definition. |
| Quayhagen 2000 | Although intervention was described as cognitive stimulation, it appeared to focus on specific cognitive modalities, and so fits better with cognitive training definition. |
| Raggi 2007 | Not an RCT |
| Reeve 1985 | No indication of random allocation to groups |
| Riegler 1980 | Comparison of RO plus music versus RO. No control groups without RO |
| Rueda 2021 | Comparison was with alternative treatment. |
| Ruiz Sanchez de Leon 2007 | Not an RCT and intervention did not meet the criteria for inclusion under cognitive stimulation. |
| Schecker 2013 | Intervention did not meet inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation. |
| Schmitter‐Edgecombe 2008 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation. |
| Scott 2003 | Did not report on a study intervention. No RCT |
| Silva 2017 | Not cognitive stimulation |
| Silva 2021 | No data for people with dementia (MCI) |
| Skov 2022 | No control group |
| Smith 2009 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation. |
| Tadaka 2004 | The intervention combined elements of Reality Orientation (RO) and reminiscence. The RO element appeared to be only an orientation board, used to reinforce orientation for time, place and person. The reminiscence element appears to be predominant, with a variety of reminiscence‐based triggers, and so the study would be a better fit for a review of reminiscence work with people with dementia. |
| Tanaka 2017 | Multi‐component intervention |
| Tarraga 2006 | Allocation to groups was not entirely random. For the comparison of interest, integrated psychostimulation programme versus medication only control, allocation was clearly non‐random. |
| Thickpenny‐Davis 2007 | Intervention did not meet the inclusion criteria for cognitive stimulation; participants included with other diagnosis than dementia |
| Tsai 2008 | Not RCT |
| Tsai 2019 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Van Zon 2016 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Wallis 1983 | Unclear diagnostic criteria: "Demented/organic" |
| Wenisch 2007 | Participants included with MCI, not dementia |
| Wettstein 2004 | Did not report an intervention study |
| Williams 1987 | Not an RCT; compared two wards; not cognitive stimulation; involved environmental modification and informal RO |
| Woods 1979 | Unclear diagnostic criteria: "Significant memory impairment" |
| Yamanaka 2013 | Intervention allocation not randomised |
| Young 2020 | No data for people diagnosed with dementia |
| Zanetti 1995 | Allocation non‐randomised |
| Zepelin 1981 | Not an RCT; compared residents at one home with those in another |
| Zientz 2007 | Did not report an intervention study |
MCI: mild cognitive impairment
RCT: randomised controlled trial
RO: reality orientation