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. 2023 Feb 1;14(2):75. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05574-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Golden (Syrian) hamsters aged 2 months (the “young adults” group) or 22 months (the “aged adults” group) were treated intranasally with a SARS-CoV-2 inoculate (n = 12 young adults and n = 10 aged adults) or with DMEM (mock infection) (n = 6 young adults and n = 6 aged adults). A Body weight (g) on the day of infection. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, and individual replicates are shown (n = 12 young adults and n = 10 aged adults). B Percentage body weight change after infection (left). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 12 young adults and n = 10 aged adults). The corresponding area under the curve (AUC) is shown (right). Data are expressed in arbitrary units (AU). C Percentage body weight change after infection in individual animals. Median weight losses are depicted as plain circles. Asterisks indicate death. D Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the lungs of young adult and aged adult hamsters, using an RT-qPCR assay. Viral RNA levels are expressed as the mean ± SEM copy number/μg of total RNA, and individual replicates are shown (mock and 7 days post infection (dpi): n = 6 animals per group, 22 dpi: n = 6 young adults and n = 3 aged adults). The dashed line represents the assay’s limit of detection. E mRNA expression levels (RT-qPCR assay) of the Isg15 and Mx1 genes in the lungs of young adult and aged adult hamsters, presented according to the 2^−ΔΔCT method (housekeeping gene: Actg1, coding for gamma (γ) actin). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, and individual replicates are shown (mock and 7 dpi: n = 6 animals per group, 22 dpi: n = 6 young adults and n = 3 aged adults). Groups were compared in a two-sided Mann–Whitney test; # indicates the P values for the comparison of young adults and aged adults (the effect of age: ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 and ^####P < 0.0001), and * indicates the P values for the comparison of mock-treated and SARS-CoV-2-infected groups (the effect of infection: *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01). For intergroup differences, the threshold for statistical significance was set to P < 0.05.