Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of the association between general and abdominal obesity and study outcomes
| Subgroup | Cardiovascular diseases | Myocardial infarction | Ischaemic stroke | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General obesity a | Abdominal obesity b | General obesity a | Abdominal obesity b | General obesity a | Abdominal obesity b | ||
| HR (95% CI) c | HR (95% CI) c | HR (95% CI) c | HR (95% CI) c | HR (95% CI) c | HR (95% CI) c | ||
| 40 years | |||||||
| Sex | Male | 1.24 (1.19–1.29) | 1.24 (1.18–1.29) | 1.26 (1.19–1.32) | 1.26 (1.19–1.33) | 1.20 (1.13–1.28) | 1.21 (1.12–1.29) |
| Female | 1.32 (1.24–1.40) | 1.36 (1.27–1.47) | 1.29 (1.19–1.40) | 1.32 (1.20–1.47) | 1.34 (1.23–1.47) | 1.39 (1.25–1.55) | |
| P for interaction | 0.030 | 0.005 | 0.949 | 0.650 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Current smoker | No | 1.29 (1.23–1.35) | 1.27 (1.20–1.34) | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) | 1.27 (1.19–1.36) | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) |
| Yes | 1.23 (1.18–1.30) | 1.27 (1.20–1.34) | 1.24 (1.17–1.32) | 1.31 (1.22–1.39) | 1.22 (1.13–1.32) | 1.20 (1.10–1.31) | |
| P for interaction | 0.225 | 0.957 | 0.758 | 0.120 | 0.210 | 0.068 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | No | 1.29 (1.25–1.34) | 1.29 (1.24–1.34) | 1.29 (1.23–1.35) | 1.29 (1.23–1.36) | 1.28 (1.22–1.36) | 1.28 (1.21–1.37) |
| Yes | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 1.12 (1.00–1.24) | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 1.12 (0.97–1.28) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | |
| P for interaction | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.011 | |
| Hypertension | No | 1.29 (1.24–1.34) | 1.31 (1.25–1.37) | 1.29 (1.23–1.35) | 1.31 (1.24–1.39) | 1.29 (1.21–1.37) | 1.29 (1.20–1.39) |
| Yes | 1.16 (1.09–1.24) | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) | 1.16 (1.07–1.27) | 1.19 (1.09–1.30) | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | |
| P for interaction | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.016 | <0.001 | 0.026 | |
| Dyslipidaemia | No | 1.27 (1.22–1.31) | 1.27 (1.22–1.33) | 1.27 (1.21–1.33) | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | 1.25 (1.18–1.32) | 1.26 (1.17–1.34) |
| Yes | 1.24 (1.16–1.34) | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | 1.23 (1.12–1.34) | 1.25 (1.14–1.36) | 1.24 (1.10–1.41) | 1.27 (1.12–1.43) | |
| P for interaction | 0.173 | 0.149 | 0.280 | 0.206 | 0.418 | 0.567 | |
| CKD | No | 1.27 (1.23–1.31) | 1.27 (1.22–1.32) | 1.27 (1.21–1.32) | 1.27 (1.21–1.34) | 1.26 (1.19–1.32) | 1.25 (1.18–1.33) |
| Yes | 1.20 (1.01–1.43) | 1.38 (1.14–1.68) | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) | 1.53 (1.14–2.05) | |
| P for interaction | 0.897 | 0.128 | 0.713 | 0.748 | 0.740 | 0.084 | |
| 66 years | |||||||
| Sex | Male | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) |
| Female | 1.09 (1.05–1.12) | 1.18 (1.14–1.22) | 1.13 (1.07–1.18) | 1.20 (1.14–1.26) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) | |
| P for interaction | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | <0.001 | |
| Current smoker | No | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 1.17 (1.12–1.21) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 1.12 (1.08–1.15) |
| Yes | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | |
| P for interaction | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | No | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | 1.10 (1.05–1.14) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | |
| P for interaction | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.008 | <0.001 | 0.142 | |
| Hypertension | No | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | 1.20 (1.15–1.24) | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) | 1.22 (1.15–1.29) | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 1.18 (1.12–1.23) |
| Yes | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | |
| P for interaction | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.046 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Dyslipidaemia | No | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.09 (1.05–1.12) |
| Yes | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.12 (1.08–1.17) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 1.16 (1.09–1.23) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.11 (1.05–1.16) | |
| P for interaction | 0.071 | 0.809 | 0.500 | 0.941 | 0.224 | 0.976 | |
| CKD | No | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) |
| Yes | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.14 (1.07–1.20) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.21 (1.10–1.32) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | |
| P for interaction | 0.663 | 0.067 | 0.535 | 0.037 | 0.801 | 0.399 | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio.
a
General obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2.
b
Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 90.0 cm for men and ≥85.0 cm for women.
c
Adjusted for sex, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and chronic kidney disease.