Table 1.
Data on the preclinical and clinical development of vaccines for pathogens in three categories
| Preclinical | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A | |||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 17 | 4 | 8 | 4 | |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | |
| Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi | 8 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 20 | 2 | 7 | 4 | |
| Group B | |||||
| Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Clostridioides difficile | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Group C | |||||
| Enterotoxigenic E coli | 10 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |
| Shigella spp | 10 | 6 | 2 | 0 | |
| Shigella flexneri | .. | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
| Shigella sonnei | .. | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| S flexneri and S sonnei | .. | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Non-typhoidal Salmonella | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Campylobacter spp | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Group A are pathogens with vaccines that are already licensed. Group B are pathogens with vaccines in late-stage clinical trials with high development feasibility. Group C are pathogens with vaccine candidates either in early clinical trials or with moderate to high feasibility of vaccine development.