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. 2023 Jan 19;10:1102063. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1102063

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Copyright © 2023 Rezaei-Kalantari, Fahrni, Rotzinger and Qanadli.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic classification of pelvic venous disorders (PeVD). (A) Type Ia: unilateral venous insufficiency, Type Ib: bilateral venous insufficiency; (B) Type IIa: May-Thurner syndrome, Type IIb: nutcracker phenomenon, Type IIc: both IIa and IIb; (C) Type IIIa: common iliac vein obstruction, Type IIIb: inferior vena cava obstruction; (D) Type IV: arteriovenous malformation or fistula. Type IId (extrinsic compression), IIIc (portal hypertension), and V (nutcracker Syndrome) are not displayed.