TABLE 2.
Proposed management-oriented classification of pelvic venous disorders (PeVD), divided into five types. Each type or subtype is associated with a specific treatment.
| Type | Description | Treatment1 |
| I | Venous insufficiency | |
| Ia | Unilateral venous insufficiency | Embolization |
| Ib | Bilateral venous insufficiency | Embolization |
| II | Venous compression | |
| IIa | May-Thurner syndrome | Stenting ± embolization |
| IIb | Nutcracker phenomenon | Embolization ± stenting |
| IIc | May-Thurner syndrome and nutcracker phenomenon | Stenting, embolization |
| IId | Other extrinsic venous compression | Stenting |
| III | Venous obstruction | |
| IIIa | Common iliac vein obstruction | Stenting |
| IIIb | Inferior vena cava obstruction | Stenting |
| IIIc | Portal hypertension | Stenting |
| IV | Arteriovenous malformation or fistula | Embolization |
| V | Nutcracker syndrome | Stenting or surgery |
1Treatment warranted based on symptoms severity and patient condition. Balance risk/benefit ratio should be carefully assessed.