Table 4.

Phases of digital breeding defined in the current review.

Phase	Definition	Associated Statistical Model	Associated Breeding Techniques
0	No digital technology used	–	Traditional breeding
1	Digitize large amounts of data for marker development	–	Molecular breeding
2	Limited use of digital technology to develop markers	GWAS (GLM, MLM, FarmCPU, etc.)	Molecular breeding
3	Prediction of GEBVs mainly based on quantitative traits	GS (BLUP, LASSO, Bayesian, Machine learning, etc.)	GS
4	Prediction of phenotype considering environments	Phenotype prediction (ML, DL)	GS
5	Using artificial intelligence technology from breeding design to phenotype prediction	Automated breeding design of all processes (DL)	AI breeding