Table 1.

Comparison of preclinical patient-derived tumor research models.

Models	Immortalized cell line	Tumor spheres	PDX	PDTO
Cultivating way	2D	3D	3D	3D
Maintenance and passage	Easy	Moderate difficulty	Difficult	Moderate easy
Growth speed	Rapid	Rapid	Slow	A little slow
Heterogeneity of tumor	Lack	Lack	Preserve	Preserve
Tumor microenvironment	Lack	Lack	Partly retention	Partly retention
Established success rate	Low	Low	Slightly lower	Moderate
Cost	Low	Slightly higher	High	Slightly higher
Gene editing	Editable	Editable	Not editable	Editable
High-throughput drug screening	Allow	Allow	unallowed	Allow
Large scale application	Allow	Not recommended	unallowed	Allow
Normal controls	None	None	None	Have
Genetic tumor model	None	None	Have	Have