Table 4.
Selected peer-reviewed publications describing methods of evaluation of depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in cynomolgus macaques (infant = 0–1 y; juvenile = 1–4 y; adult = 4–25 y).
| Reference | Age, Sex | Testing paradigm | Behavioral measures | Biological measures | Imaging |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) | |||||
| Shively et al. (2005) | Adults, f | Social subordinate stress, CRH injection, ACTH challenge, dexamethasone suppression | Alert, at rest, huddle, lack of responsiveness | Heart rate, mortality rate, blood ACTH and cortisol, metabolic and reproductive function | None |
| Shively and Willard (2012) | Adults, f | Subordination status in groups | Time in body contact, time alone, activity, huddle | Body weight, BMI, heart rate, lipid levels, cardiovascular disease risk | None |
| Willard et al. (2015) | Adults, f | Subordination status in groups, sertraline or placebo dosing | Scratch self-groom, slumped body posture, lack of responsiveness | Body weight, BMI, plasma sertraline, desmethylsertraline, CSF 5-HIAA | MRI |
| Xu et al. (2015) | Adults, f | Depressed compared to normal, ketamine dosing | Ingestion, thermo-regulatory, estrus, mating, resting, parental, grooming, embracing, conflict, vigilance, locomotive, verbal and non-verbal communication, and self-directed behaviors | GC/MS of 27 serum metabolites | None |
| Ishikawa et al. (2017) | Juveniles, m | Sleep/activity pattern by telemetry | Locomotor activity | ECG, EMG, EOC | None |
| Chu (2019) | Adults, f | Depressed (defined as huddling, low social contact, lack of motivation, and reduced alertness) compared to defined normal (no stereotypy), ketamine dosing | Passive state while sitting, reduced locomotion, tactile exploration, time on cage bars, nocturnal sleep | CSF levels of 5-HIAA, DA, HVA, NA | None |
| Qiu et al. (2019) | Juveniles, f & m | Wild type compared to BMAL1 knockout | Locomotor activity | EEG, Plasma levels of melatonin, testosterone, DHEA, cortisol | None |
| Qin et al. (2020) | Adults, f & m | Sleep/activity pattern by actigraphy vs. videography | Locomotor activity | None | None |
| Teng et al. (2021) | Juveniles, m | Chronic unpredictable mild stressors, noise, water deprivation, fasting, space restriction, cold stress, strobe light, foot shocks, human intruder test, out of reach reward test | Huddle, self-clasp, locomotion, lack of motivation for reward | Plasma μg/dl and hair cortisol, LC-MS analysis of 30 metabolites | None |
Abbreviations: y, years; 5-HIAA, serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid; BMAL1, brain and muscle ARNT-like 1; BMI, body mass index; CRH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone; CSF, cerebral spinal fluid; DA, dopamine; DHEA, Dehydroepiandrosterone; ECG, electrocardiogram; EEG, electroencephalography; EMG, electromyography; EOG, electrooculography; f, female; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HVA, homovanillic acid; LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; m, male; NA, noradrenaline.