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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Affect Disord. 2022 Jun 22;312:159–168. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.028

Fig. 1..

Fig. 1..

Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).

This figure shows the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in each ACE category among pregnant women living with HIV in Malawi. The taller the bar, the higher the prevalence. Reports of ACEs were assessed using WHO’s Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) tool and scored using the frequency method recommended by the WHO.