Table 3:
The association between ACEs and depression symptoms among pregnant women living with HIV (n=798)
| Somatic complaints | Reduced energy Anxiety | Depressive thoughts | Depressed (score ≥8) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Ratio | 99% CI | Risk Ratio | 99% CI | Risk Ratio | 99% CI | Risk Ratio | 99% CI | Risk ratio | 99% CI | |
| ACE score | 1.04*** | [1.02,1.06] | 1.09*** | [1.06,1.11] | 1.10*** | [1.07,1.14] | 1.13*** | [1.09,1.17] | 1.16** | [1.11,1.21] |
| Age | 0.99 | [0.98,1.00] | 1.00 | [0.98,1.01] | 1.00 | [0.99,1.02] | 1.01* | [1.00,1.02] | 1.00 | [0.98,1.02] |
| Education, Ref: None | ||||||||||
| Primary | 0.97 | [0.76,1.22] | 0.98 | [0.68,1.40] | 1.08 | [0.68,1.71] | 0.89 | [0.60,1.32] | 0.80 | [0.49,1.30] |
| Secondary | 1.03 | [0.81,1.31] | 1.01 | [0.70,1.46] | 1.09 | [0.67,1.76] | 0.67* | [0.43,1.04] | 0.65* | [0.38,1.10] |
| Some college | 0.90 | [0.62,1.31] | 0.90 | [0.53,1.54] | 1.21 | [0.63,2.32] | 1.04 | [0.53,2.06] | 0.78 | [0.34,1.78] |
| Income, Ref: | ||||||||||
| <MK50,000† | ||||||||||
| 50,000 to 99,999 | 0.96 | [0.86,1.07] | 0.99 | [0.84,1.17] | 0.84* | [0.68,1.04] | 0.91 | [0.71,1.15] | 1.01 | [0.76,1.34] |
| 100,000-249,999 | 0.93 | [0.79,1.10] | 1.07 | [0.87,1.32] | 0.95 | [0.72,1.26] | 0.95 | [0.69,1.32] | 1.04 | [0.70,1.56] |
| 250,000 or more | 1.13 | [0.90,1.41] | 1.14 | [0.78,1.68] | 1.06 | [0.68,1.65] | 0.59 | [0.24,1.47] | 1.12 | [0.52,2.38] |
| Partner, Ref: No partner | ||||||||||
| Has partner | 1.20* | [0.98,1.48] | 1.02 | [0.80,1.30] | 1.01 | [0.77,1.32] | 0.91 | [0.66,1.27] | 1.06 | [0.70,1.61] |
| Household head: Ref (No) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.97 | [0.85,1.10] | 1.05 | [0.89,1.26] | 1.16 | [0.95,1.41] | 1.16 | [0.92,1.47] | 1.05 | [0.78,1.43] |
| Partner disclosure: Ref (No) | [1.00,1.00] | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.99 | [0.87,1.13] | 0.99 | [0.80,1.23] | 0.91 | [0.70,1.18] | 0.88 | [0.64,1.20] | 0.93 | [0.65,1.34] |
| HIV diagnosis, Ref: Today | ||||||||||
| Before today | 1.16** | [1.01,1.32] | 1.00 | [0.78,1.27] | 1.13 | [0.86,1.48] | 1.08 | [0.78,1.51] | 1.18 | [0.81,1.72] |
| Pregnancy number, Ref: First | ||||||||||
| Two to four | 0.95 | [0.84,1.07] | 0.90 | [0.73,1.10] | 0.81* | [0.64,1.04] | 0.93 | [0.68,1.28] | 0.91 | [0.63,1.30] |
| More than four | 0.92 | [0.75,1.14] | 0.84 | [0.60,1.17] | 0.80 | [0.55,1.17] | 0.87 | [0.56,1.34] | 0.83 | [0.48,1.43] |
| Trimester, Ref: First | ||||||||||
| Second | 0.91* | [0.81,1.03] | 0.88 | [0.73,1.06] | 0.85 | [0.67,1.09] | 0.75** | [0.58,0.98] | 0.62** | [0.46,0.84] |
| Third | 0.87* | [0.74,1.02] | 0.81* | [0.63,1.04] | 0.89 | [0.66,1.21] | 0.78 | [0.56,1.09] | 0.64** | [0.44,0.95] |
| Travel mode, Ref: Walk | ||||||||||
| Public transport | 1.03 | [0.93,1.14] | 0.94 | [0.81,1.09] | 0.97 | [0.81,1.17] | 0.91 | [0.74,1.12] | 0.84 | [0.65,1.08] |
Exponentiated coefficients (risk ratios); 99% confidence intervals in brackets;
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001;
†
In 2021, 805 Malawi Kwacha =1US$ Knoema, 2021).