Table 1.
Studies assessing autonomic/hemodynamic metrics.
| Study | Study Size/Type | Type of PSG (Level 1 or 2) | Sex (% male) | Mean BMI (kg/m2) | Mean AHI (/h) | Mean Age (years) | % OSA Participants | Metric | Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas (2009)28 USA | 5247/Retro of Pros | 1 | 51.6 | 28.7 | 9.1 | 62.2 | 47.6 | CPC (e-LFCNB) | CV outcomes | Elevated LFCNB, was associated with greater severity of sleep apnea and fragmented sleep. After adjustment for potential confounders, an independent association with prevalent hypertension and stroke was found. |
| Magnusdottir (2020)29 USA | 241/Retro of Pros | 2 | 73 | 34 | 25.5 | 63 | 100 | CPC | Nocturnal blood pressure response to CPAP | CPC-derived sleep quality impacted 24-h MAP and MDP, as well as BP during wake |
| Blanchard (2021)20 France | 7205/Retro of Pros | 2 | 62.3 | 29 | 22 | 60 | 86.7 | PRV | AF | PRV indices were independent predictors of AF incidence. |
| Azarbarzin (2021)9 USA | 5970/Retro of pros | 1 | MESA: 47.5 SHHS: 47.7 | MESA: 28.8 SHHS: 28.3 | MESA: 19.3 SHHS: 14.1 | MESA: 68.5 SHHS: 64.2 | MESA: 3.9 SHHS: 29 | ΔHR | CV disease and all-cause mortality | In MESA, HR was associated with NT-proBNP, coronary calcium, and Framingham risk, and in SHHS, individuals with a high ΔHR were at increased risk of nonfatal/fatal CVD and all-cause mortality |
| Kwon (2021)15 USA | 1407/Retro of Pros | 2 | 47.5 | 28.8 | 19.5 | 68.4 | Not referenced | PAT response | CV outcomes | Increase in average PAT response was associated with LV mass, CPB score, CAC prevalence and 18% higher risk of incident CVD |
| Alomri (2022)45 Saudi Arabia | 75/Retro | 1 | 70 | 33.2 | Not referenced | 41.1 | 84 | SBP derived from PAT | Cognitive dysfunction (Austin Maze test) | Nocturnal peaks in SBP and difference between resting and nocturnal peaks of SBP in OSA were associated with visuospatial dysfunction, even after controlling for age, smoking status, depressive symptoms, hypoxia, and sleep fragmentation |
| Trzepizur (2022)22 France | 5358/Retro of Pros | 2 | 63.66 | 30 | 27 | 60 | 100 | PRV | MACEs | PRV was not associated with MACEs. |
| Blanchard (2021)21 France | 3597/Retro of Pros | 2 | 63 | 28 | 20 | 58 | 85 | PRV | Risk of stroke incidence | Nighttime sympathetic/parasympathetic tone (PRV) was associated with stroke risk. |
| Hirotsu (2020)16 Switzerland | 2162/Cross-sectional | 2 | 49 | 26.2 | Not referenced | 57 | Not referenced | PWA | Hypertension, diabetes, and CV event | Independent association of PWA-drop features (lower frequency, longer duration, and greater area under the curve) with hypertension, diabetes, and CV events |
| Strassberger (2021)17 Sweden | 358/Retro | 1 | 64 | 30 | 13 | 55 | 100 | CRI | CV risk | Pulse wave analysis during sleep provides a powerful approach for cardiovascular risk assessment in addition to conventional sleep study parameters |
| Berger (2022)23 Switzerland | 1784/Retro of Pros | 1 | 48.2 | 26 | Not referenced | 58 | Not referenced | HRV | CVD | In a fully adjusted model, AC, DC, and HRF were the only HRV metrics significantly associated with incident CVD events |
AC = acceleration capacity, AF = atrial fibrillation, AHI = apnea-hypopnea index, BMI = body mass index, BP = blood pressure, CPB = carotid plaque burden, CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure, CPC = cardiopulmonary coupling, CRI = Cardiac Risk Index, CV = cardiovascular, CVD = cardiovascular disease, DC = deceleration capacity, e-LFCNB = narrow-band elevated low frequency coupling, HR = heart rate, HRV = heart rate variability, LV = Left Ventricular, MACE = major adverse cardiovascular event, MDP = mean diastolic blood pressure, MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, M/F = male/female, NT-proBNP = N-terminal prohormone BNP, ODI = oxygen desaturation index, OSA = obstructive sleep apnea, PAT = pulse arrival time, Pros = prospective, PRV = pulse rate variability, PSG = polysomnography, PWA = pulse wave amplitude, Retro = retrospective, Retro of Pros = retrospective analysis of prospective study, SBP = systolic blood pressure, SHHS = Sleep Heart Health Study.