Table 3.
Risk of Incident COPD According to Glucosamine Use
| glucosamine/chondroitin use | Total No. of participants | No. of COPD cases (%) | Person-years | IRa | Model 1b |
Model 2c |
Model 3d |
Model 4e |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| Non-user | 391 110 | 7638 (1.95) | 3437363 | 2.22 | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1.00 (reference) | - |
| User | 92 593 | 1378 (1.49) | 81 7327 | 1.69 | 0.73 (0.69 to 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.75 to 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.73 to 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.78 to 0.89) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; HR, hazard ratio; IR, incidence rate.
Incidence rates are provided per 1000 person-years;
Model 1: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age and sex, ethnicity, education, household income, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, passive smoking, occupational exposure, CVD, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, chronic pulmonary infections, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, joint pain, asthma, arthritis, aspirin use, and Non-aspirin NSAIDs use;
Model 2: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for Model 1 and smoking status, cholesterol lowering medication use, anti-hypertensive drug use, insulin use, vitamin use, minerals and other dietary supplements use, chondroitin use, and cortisone use;
Model 3: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for Model 1 and smoking pack-years (numerical variable), cholesterol lowering medication use, anti-hypertensive drug use, insulin use, vitamin use, minerals and other dietary supplements use, chondroitin use, and cortisone use.
Model 4: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for Model 2 and smoking pack-years.