Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics.
| Robust (FI <0.10) N = 295 | Pre-frail (FI 0.10–0.24) N = 190 | Frail (FI ≥0.25) N = 38 | p | Overall N = 523 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male; N (%) | 152 (51.9) | 87(45.8) | 15 (39.5) | 0.237 | 254 (48.6) |
| Age (years); mean (SD) | 66.9 (7.0)* | 70.7 (7.0)* | 74.3 (6.9)* | <0.001 | 68.8 (7.3) |
| Number of medications; mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.3)* | 3.2 (2.2)* | 6.0 (3.2)* | <0.001 | 2,85 (2.4) |
| Hypertension; N (%) | 63 (21.4)* | 97 (51.1) | 22 (57.9) | <0.001 | 182 (34.8) |
| Diabetes; N (%) | 9 (3.1)* | 28 (14.7) | 10 (26.3) | <0.001 | 47 (9.0) |
| High cholesterol; N (%) | 72 (24.4)* | 91 (47.9)* | 28 (73.7)* | <0.001 | 191 (36.5) |
| BMI; mean (SD) | 27.7 (4.5)* | 28.3 (4.6) | 29.5(5.3)* | 0.051 | 28 (4.6) |
| Cancer; N (%) | 1 (0.3)* | 16 (8.4) | 5 (22.7) | <0.001 | 22 (4.2) |
| Atrial fibrillation, irregular heart rhythm; N (%) | 5 (1.7)* | 11 (5.8) | 2 (11.1) | 0.044 | 18 (3.4) |
| Stroke; N (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 |
| Difficulty walking 100 m; N (%) | 0 | 1 (0.5)* | 7 (18.4)* | <0.001 | 8 (1.5) |
Poor self-rated physical health; N (%)
|
2 (0.7)* 0* |
21 (11.1)* 1 (0.5) |
11 (28.9)* 2 (5.3)* |
<0.001 | 34 (6.5) 3 (0.6) |
Poor self-rated vision; N (%)
|
5 (1.7)* 1 (0.3)* |
14 (7.4) 4 (2.1) |
5 (13.2)* 3 (7.9)* |
<0.001 | 24 (4.6) 8 (1.5) |
Poor self-rated hearing; N (%)
|
24 (8.1)* 2 (0.7)* |
34 (17.9)*† 5 (2.6) |
12 (31.6)† 2 (5.3)* |
<0.001 | 70 (13.4) 9 (1.7) |
| Polypharmacy; N (%) | 8 (2.7)* | 62 (32.6)* | 29 (76.3)* | <0.001 | 99 (18.9) |
| Knee pain; N (%) | 7 (2.4)*† | 16 (8.4)* | 8 (21.1) † | <0.001 | 31 (5.9) |
Difficulty following a conversation with four people; N (%)
|
43 (14.6)*† 6 (2)* |
57 (30)* 12 (6.3)* |
14 (36.8) † 8 (21.1)* |
<0.001 <0.001 |
114 (21.8) 26 (5) |
| Difficulty kneeling; N (%) | 26 (8.8)* | 74 (38.9)* | 34 (89.5)* | <0.001 | 134 (25.6) |
| Difficulty reaching above shoulder; N (%) | 2 (0.7)*† | 23 (12.1)* | 12 (31.6)† | <0.001 | 37 (7.1) |
Urinary incontinence; N (%)
|
9 (3.1) 9 (3.1)*† |
8 (4.2) 22 (11.6)* |
3 (7.9) 9 (23.7)† |
>0.05 <0.001 |
20 (3.8) 40 (7.6) |
Daytime sleepiness; N (%)
|
41 (13.9)* 31 (10.5) *† |
43 (22.6)* 39 (20.5)* |
8 (21.1) 14 (36.8)† |
<0.001 <0.001 |
92 (17.6) 8 (16.1) |
| Angina; N (%) | 0† | 3 (1.6)* | 7 (18.4)*† | <0.001 | 10 (1.9) |
| Hearth attack; N (%) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0 | – | 1 (0.2) |
| Difficulty rising from a chair; N (%) | 10 (3.4)* | 37 (19.5)* | 20 (52.6)* | <0.001 | 67 (12.8) |
| Other CVD; N (%) | 0 | 3 (1.6) | 1 (2.6) | 0.058 | 4 (0.8) |
| Cataracts; N (%) | 14 (4.7)* | 43 (2.6) | 13 (34.2) | <0.001 | 70 (13.4) |
| Arthritis; N (%) | 61 (20.7)* | 101 (53.2)* | 30 (78.9)* | <0.001 | 192 (36.7) |
| Osteoporosis; N (%) | 29 (9.8)* | 41 (21.6) | 13 (34.2) | <0.001 | 83 (15.9) |
| Varicose ulcer; N (%) | 5 (1.7) | 3 (1.6) | 2 (5.3) | 0.292 | 10 (1.9) |
| Difficulty climbing one flight of stairs; N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (2.6) | 12 (31.6)* | <0.001 | 18 (3.4) |
| Glaucoma/ARMD; N (%) | 6 (2)* | 20 (10.5) | 7 (18.4) | <0.001 | 33 (6.3) |
Day to day memory; N (%)
|
31 (10.5)* 3 (1)* |
48 (25.3)* 3 (1.6) |
13 (34.2) 3 (7.9)* |
<0.001 <0.001 |
92 (17.6) 9 (1.7) |
| Difficulty pushing objects; N (%) | 4 (1.4)* | 17 (8.9)* | 17 (44.7)* | <0.001 | 38 (7.3) |
| Difficulty lifting weights; N (%) | 4 (1.4)* | 32 (16.8)* | 23 (39)* | <0.001 | 59 (11.3) |
| Difficulty picking up coins; N (%) | 0* | 9 (4.7)* | 6 (15.8)* | <0.001 | 15 (2.9) |
Feeling lonely; N (%)
|
11 (3.7)* 0 |
17 (8.9)*† 7 (3.7) |
4 (10.5)*† 0 |
0.001 – |
32 (6.1) 7 (1.3) |
| Education; N (%): - None/primary - Secondary - Third/higher |
49 (16.6)* 110 (37.3)* 136 (46.1)* |
50 (26.6) 62 (32.6)* 78 (41.1)* |
12(31.6) 16 (42.1)* 10 (26.3)* |
0.020 | 111 (21.2) 188 (35.9) 224 (42.8) |
| Current smoker; N (%) | 11 (5.2) | 6 (3.2) | 3 (6.1) | 0.391 | 20 (4.5) |
| MET; mean (SD) | 3931.1 (5679.8)* | 2687.5 (4166.2)* | 1439.1 (2696.9)* | 0.002 | 3,294 (5052.1) |
| CASP-12 autonomy; mean (SD) | 6.8 (1.7)* | 6.3 (1.6)* | 4.9 (1.6)* | <0.001 | 6.5 (1.7) |
| CASP-12 control; mean (SD) | 8.8 (2.2)* | 8.0 (2.1)* | 6.2 (1.8)* | <0.001 | 8.3 (2.2) |
| CASP-12 pleasure; mean (SD) | 8.2 (1.7) | 8.3 (1.2) | 8.2 (1.2) | 0.506 | 8.2 (1.5) |
| CASP-12 self-realization; mean (SD) | 5.1 (1.3) | 5.1 (1.1) | 4.8 (1.1) | 0.462 | 5.1 (1.2) |
| CASP-12 QoL; mean (SD) | 28.9 (5.0)* | 27.7 (4.7)* | 24.2 (4.3)* | <0.001 | 28.1 (5) |
*Groups where proportions were significantly different from the rest; †Bonferroni adjustment. BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; ARMD, age related macular degeneration; CASP, control, autonomy, self-realization, pleasure scale; QoL, quality of life.