Table 2.

Gender differences in trauma and PTSD symptoms in recovered versus current SUD users (n = 106).

	Current SUD			Recovered from SUD
	Men	Women	p b	Men	Women	p b
Demographic factors
Age, years	36 (8.2)	32 (6.5)		36 (7.4)	33 (4.2)
Age of first substance use, years	12.4 (2.3)	13 (1.9)		13 (2.6)	14 (1.4)
Born in Norway	91.7	100		93.9	94.4
Stable living condition	75.0*	57.9		45.5*	66.7
Stable income	72.2	42.1	*	63.6	61.1
CTQ-SF
Any childhood trauma	73.3	89.5		60.7	70.6
Multiple childhood traumas	50.0	73.7		35.7	58.8
Physical abuse	42.4	31.6		25.0	16.7
Sexual abuse	21.2	36.8		17.9	27.8
Emotional abuse	51.5	63.2		35.7	50.0
Physical neglect	51.6	78.9*		42.9	44.4*
Emotional neglect	31.3	57.9		25.0	41.2
LEC-5
Any lifetime trauma	96.7	88.2		92.6	100
Multiple lifetime traumas	90.0	70.6*		85.2	100*
Natural disaster	6.1	0.0		0.0	11.8
Accidents	72.7	61.1		65.5	66.7
Physical aggressions	81.8	68.4		75.9	61.1
Sexual aggressions	21.2	78.9	***	27.6	83.3	***
War-related trauma	0.0	0.0		0.0	0.0
Exposure to injury, illness, death	81.3	63.2		79.3	83.3
Others	63.3	55.6		66.7	82.4
Both childhood and lifetime trauma	70.4	82.4		61.5	73.3
PCL-5 a
Score over 38	22.2	26.7		12.5	46.7	*
Re-experiencing	51.9	60.0		54.2	86.7	*
Avoidance	44.4	62.5		33.3	73.3	*
Negative alterations	51.9	68.8		50.0	80.0
Hyper-arousal	48.1	62.5		41.7	60.0

Note. Values are given as % unless otherwise indicated. Significant differences between groups within gender are presented in bold. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SD = standard deviation; SUD = substance use disorder.

^a Measured on participants with experience of trauma. ^bSignificant differences between gender within groups.

* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.