Table 3.
Characteristics of patients and outcomes according to antegrade versus retrograde approach.
| Characteristics | Antegrade approach | Retrograde approach | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort size (no.) | 15 | 30 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Median age (range) (years) | 55 (29–96) | 53 (38–83) | 0.275 a |
| Male, no. (%) | 13 (86.7%) | 24 (80%) | 0.890^ |
| Left hemisphere stroke | 6/15 (40%) | 19/30 (63.3%) | 0.847^ |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation, no. (%) | 1/14 (7.1%) | 3/29 (10.3%) | 0.798^ |
| Diabetes mellitus, no. (%) | 0/14 (0%) | 1/29 (3.4%) | 0.706^ |
| Prior transient ischemic attack, no. (%) | 1/14 (7.1%) | 1/29 (3.4%) | 0.815^ |
| Smoking, no. (%) | 4/14 (28.6%) | 6/29 (20.7%) | 0.851^ |
| Baseline assessment | |||
| NIHSS Score, mean (±SD) | 19.0 ( ± 4.0) | 13.8 ( ± 6.0) | 0.001 a |
| ASPECTS score, mean (±SD) | 9.3 ( ± 1.0) | 8.3 ( ± 1.9) | 0.064 a |
| Treatment characteristics | |||
| Onset-to-groin time (minutes), mean (±SD) | 313 ( ± 232) | 300 ( ± 196) | 0.845 a |
| Onset-to-recanalization time (minutes), mean (±SD) | 397 ( ± 236) | 366 ( ± 189) | 0.636 a |
| Procedural time (minutes), mean (±SD) | 92 ( ± 53) | 75 ( ± 53) | 0.345 a |
| EVT attempts per-procedure, mean (±SD) | 3.9 ( ± 2.6) | 1.8 ( ± 1.2) | 0.001 a |
| Internal carotid artery angioplasty, no. (%) | 3/15 (20%) | 4/30 (13.3%) | 0.884^ |
| Internal carotid artery aspiration, no. (%) | 6/15 (40%) | 15/30 (50%) | 0.751^ |
| Internal carotid artery emergent stenting, no. (%) | 6/15 (40%) | 11/30 (36.7%) | 0.913^ |
| Medical treatment | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
| Preprocedural antiplatelet therapy, no. (%) | 2/15 (13.3%) | 4/30 (13.3%) | 0.642^ |
| Intraprocedural antiplatelet therapy, no. (%) | 3/15 (20%) | 10/30 (33.3%) | 0.561^ |
| Preprocedural anticoagulation therapy, no. (%) | 0/15 (0%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 0.721^ |
| Intraprocedural anticoagulation therapy, no. (%) | 3/15 (20%) | 5/30 (16.7%) | 0.890^ |
| Intravenous thrombolysis | 9/11 (81.8%) | 16/27 (59.2%) | 0.341^ |
| Intraoperative angiographic findings | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
| Complete circle of willis | 6/8 (75%) | 19/24 (79.2%) | 0.805^ |
| Contralateral significant internal carotid artery stenosis | 0/8 (0%) | 1/25 (4%) | 0.542^ |
| Treatment outcomes | |||
| mTICI ≥2b, no. (%) | 13/15 (86.7%) | 27/28 (96.4%) | 0.569^ |
| mTICI ≥3, no. (%) | 11/15 (73.3%) | 22/28 (78.6%) | 0.811^ |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage, no. (%) | 9/15 (60%) | 8/30 (26.7%) | 0.065^ |
| Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, no. (%) | 3/15 (20%) | 4/30 (13.3%) | 0.884^ |
| NIHSS Score at discharge, mean (±SD) | 10.0 ( ± 8.0) | 5.8 ( ± 7.8) | 0.168 a |
| Variation in NIHSS score, mean (±SD) | −5.2 ( ± 4.7) | −3.9 ( ± 7.6) | 0.548 a |
| 90-days mRS, mean (±SD) | 2.6 ( ± 2.2) | 2.1 ( ± 2.2) | 0.476 a |
| 90-days mRS ≤2, no. (%) | 7/14 (50%) | 18/28 (64.3%) | 0.578^ |
| 90-days mRS ≤3, no. (%) | 8/14 (57.1%) | 20/28 (71.4%) | 0.563^ |
| 90-days death, no. (%) | 1/14 (7.1%) | 4/28 (14.3%) | 0.866^ |
aT-test; ^chi-square test. p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests.