Table 1.

Summary of findings from preclinical studies assessing sex differences in and hormonal regulation of risky decision making.

Reference	Decision-making Task	Abbreviation	Task Measure	Sex Differences	Hormonal Modulation
Cooper et al. (2014)	Risky Decision-making Task	RDT	Choice of small reward vs. large reward associated with probabilistic footshock	N/A, only male subjects	Chronic T increases risky choice
Orsini et al. (2016)				Risky choice ♀ > ♂	No relationship with estrous cycle
Orsini et al. (2021)				Risky choice ♀ > ♂	OVX increases risky choice; EB decreases risky choice; ORX decreases risky choice; T does not alter risky choice, but EB decreases risky choice in males
Wallin et al. (2015)	Probability Discounting	N/A	Choice of small, guaranteed vs. large, probabilistic rewards	N/A, only male subjects	Chronic T decreases risky choice
Wallin-Miller et al. (2017)				N/A	Chronic T increases risky choice in ORX males
Islas-Preciado et al. (2020)				Risky choice ♀ > ♂	Acute T decreases risky choice in ORX males
van den Bos et al. (2012)	Rat Iowa Gambling Task	rIGT	Learning about probabilities of different reward outcomes	♂ develop preference for the advantageous option more quickly than ♀	Unknown
Wallin Miller et al., 2018	Rat Gambling Task	rGT	Choice of optimal (more reward, less timeout, punishment) vs. suboptimal options	N/A, only male subjects	Chronic T increases disadvantageous choice
Georgiou et al. (2018)				Advantageous choice ♀ > ♂	No relationship with estrous cycle
Peak et al. (2015)				♀ develop preference for the advantageous option more quickly than ♂	Unknown
Tan and Vyas (2016)	Probabilistic Decision-making Task (rodent model of the Balloon Analog RIsk Task)	N/A	Choice of ‘add lever’ that increases the size of a potential food reward (but also associated with a risk that the trial would fail and no reward would be delivered) vs. ‘cash-out lever’ that leads to delivery of accrued reward	N/A, only male subjects	Acute T increases tolerance for risk of reward forfeiture
Liley et al. (2019)	Delayed Punishment Decision-making Task	DPDT	Choice of small reward vs. large reward associated with delayed footshock	♀ discounted delayed punishment less than ♂	No relationship with estrous cycle
Pellman et al. (2017)	Risky “Closed Economy” System	N/A	Time spent in a risky foraging area, where footshocks can be delivered unpredictably	Risky choice ♀ > ♂	Increase in risky choice during proestrus phase; No effects of OVX on risky choice

Legend: T, Testosterone; OVX, ovariectomy; EB, estradiol benzoate; ORX, orchiectomy; ♀, female; ♂, male.