Table 2.
Logistic regression results for self-reported and undiagnosed HT among older adults, India, LASI, 2017–18
| Self-reported HT | Undiagnosed HT | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (Overall) | 95% CI | OR (Men) | 95% CI | OR (Women) | 95% CI | OR (Overall) | 95% CI | OR (Men) | 95% CI | OR (Women) | 95% CI | |
| Individual factors | ||||||||||||
| Age groups | ||||||||||||
| 45–54 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| 55–64 | 1.39*** | (1.32,1.46) | 1.41*** | (1.30,1.53) | 1.41*** | (1.32,1.50) | 1.30*** | (1.23,1.37) | 1.16*** | (1.07,1.24) | 1.42*** | (1.32,1.53) |
| 65–74 | 1.76*** | (1.66,1.87) | 1.88*** | (1.71,2.07) | 1.81*** | (1.68,1.96) | 1.43*** | (1.35,1.52) | 1.18*** | (1.08,1.29) | 1.60*** | (1.46,1.75) |
| 75+ | 1.80*** | (1.66,1.95) | 2.07*** | (1.82,2.34) | 1.85*** | (1.66,2.07) | 1.64*** | (1.51,1.78) | 1.31*** | (1.15,1.48) | 1.81*** | (1.60,2.04) |
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| No education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Primary | 1.13*** | (1.07,1.19) | 1.18*** | (1.09,1.29) | 1.25*** | (1.16,1.34) | 1 | (0.95,1.06) | 1.02 | (0.94,1.10) | 0.91* | (0.84,0.99) |
| Secondary | 1.06 | (0.99,1.12) | 1.25*** | (1.14,1.37) | 1.09 | (1.00,1.19) | 1.07* | (1.01,1.14) | 1.03 | (0.95,1.12) | 0.94 | (0.84,1.05) |
| Higher | 1.11* | (1.02,1.20) | 1.42*** | (1.27,1.59) | 0.98 | (0.86,1.11) | 1.05 | (0.97,1.14) | 0.97 | (0.87,1.08) | 0.91 | (0.78,1.07) |
| Working Status | ||||||||||||
| Never worked | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Currently working | 0.69*** | (0.66,0.73) | 0.81* | (0.69,0.95) | 0.79*** | (0.74,0.85) | 1.18*** | (1.11,1.25) | 0.99 | (0.85,1.17) | 0.98 | (0.91,1.07) |
| Not currently working | 0.97 | (0.92,1.02) | 1.13 | (0.96,1.33) | 1.05 | (0.98,1.12) | 1.09** | (1.02,1.16) | 0.94 | (0.80,1.10) | 1 | (0.93,1.09) |
| Marital Status | ||||||||||||
| Currently married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Widowed | 1.29*** | (1.23,1.36) | 0.97 | (0.87,1.08) | 1.30*** | (1.23,1.39) | 1.13*** | (1.07,1.19) | 1.15** | (1.03,1.27) | 1.18*** | (1.10,1.26) |
| D/S/D/Othersa | 1.00 | (0.89,1.12) | 0.85 | (0.70,1.02) | 1.1 | (0.95,1.28) | 1.16* | (1.03,1.30) | 1.16 | (0.99,1.37) | 1.20* | (1.02,1.40) |
| Morbidities | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 3.51*** | (3.32,3.72) | 3.61*** | (3.33,3.92) | 3.46*** | (3.20,3.74) | 0.50*** | (0.47,0.54) | 0.50*** | (0.45,0.55) | 0.50*** | (0.45,0.56) |
| Stroke | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 3.32*** | (2.85,3.87) | 3.62*** | (2.97,4.40) | 3.03*** | (2.37,3.88) | 0.52*** | (0.42,0.64) | 0.48*** | (0.37,0.63) | 0.55*** | (0.39,0.78) |
| Arthritis | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 1.39*** | (1.30,1.49) | 1.32*** | (1.17,1.48) | 1.42*** | (1.30,1.54) | 0.73*** | (0.67,0.80) | 0.76*** | (0.66,0.86) | 0.74*** | (0.66,0.82) |
| Difficulty in ADLb | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 1.20*** | (1.13,1.27) | 1.27*** | (1.15,1.41) | 1.16*** | (1.07,1.25) | 0.93* | (0.87,1.00) | 0.93 | (0.84,1.04) | 0.93 | (0.85,1.02) |
| Difficulty in IADLc | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 1.17*** | (1.11,1.22) | 1.15*** | (1.06,1.25) | 1.13*** | (1.06,1.20) | 0.96 | (0.91,1.01) | 0.97 | (0.90,1.05) | 0.99 | (0.92,1.06) |
| BMI categories | ||||||||||||
| Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Underweight | 0.64*** | (0.60,0.68) | 0.63*** | (0.58,0.70) | 0.64*** | (0.59,0.70) | 0.77*** | (0.73,0.82) | 0.71*** | (0.65,0.77) | 0.85*** | (0.78,0.92) |
| Overweight/obese | 1.77*** | (1.69,1.85) | 1.68*** | (1.56,1.80) | 1.79*** | (1.69,1.90) | 1.16*** | (1.11,1.22) | 1.26*** | (1.18,1.36) | 1.14*** | (1.07,1.23) |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||||||
| Moderate activities | ||||||||||||
| Inactive | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Active | 0.97 | (0.92,1.01) | 0.95 | (0.89,1.02) | 0.90*** | (0.85,0.95) | 1.01 | (0.96,1.05) | 1.06 | (1.00,1.14) | 1.10** | (1.02,1.18) |
| Vigorous activities | ||||||||||||
| Inactive | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Active | 0.91*** | (0.86,0.96) | 0.90** | (0.83,0.96) | 0.97 | (0.90,1.04) | 1.04 | (0.99,1.09) | 0.97 | (0.91,1.04) | 1.08 | (1.00,1.16) |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Never | 1 | (1.00,1.00) | 1 | (1.00,1.00) | 1 | (1.00,1.00) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Former | 1.04 | (0.95,1.15) | 1.06 | (0.95,1.18) | 1.25 | (0.99,1.58) | 0.85** | (0.77,0.94) | 0.84** | (0.75,0.95) | 0.65** | (0.48,0.88) |
| Current | 0.85*** | (0.79,0.91) | 0.91* | (0.84,0.98) | 0.99 | (0.85,1.15) | 0.96 | (0.90,1.03) | 0.93 | (0.86,1.00) | 0.79** | (0.66,0.94) |
| Chewing tobacco status | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Former | 1.05 | (0.92,1.19) | 1.01 | (0.86,1.20) | 1.13 | (0.92,1.40) | 0.97 | (0.85,1.11) | 0.95 | (0.80,1.12) | 0.97 | (0.77,1.22) |
| Current | 0.93** | (0.88,0.98) | 0.89** | (0.82,0.97) | 1.03 | (0.95,1.12) | 1.05 | (0.99,1.11) | 1.02 | (0.95,1.10) | 1.08 | (0.99,1.17) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Yes | 0.95 | (0.89,1.01) | 1.06 | (0.99,1.14) | 0.86 | (0.74,1.01) | 1.45*** | (1.37,1.54) | 1.33*** | (1.24,1.42) | 1.39*** | (1.22,1.60) |
| Household factors | ||||||||||||
| MPCE quintile | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Poorer | 1.15*** | (1.08,1.23) | 1.08 | (0.98,1.20) | 1.19*** | (1.09,1.29) | 0.91** | (0.85,0.97) | 0.94 | (0.86,1.03) | 0.89* | (0.82,0.98) |
| Middle | 1.25*** | (1.17,1.34) | 1.16** | (1.04,1.28) | 1.30*** | (1.20,1.42) | 0.90** | (0.84,0.96) | 0.95 | (0.87,1.04) | 0.87** | (0.80,0.96) |
| Richer | 1.37*** | (1.28,1.46) | 1.30*** | (1.17,1.44) | 1.39*** | (1.28,1.52) | 0.85*** | (0.80,0.91) | 0.89* | (0.81,0.98) | 0.84*** | (0.76,0.92) |
| Richest | 1.42*** | (1.33,1.52) | 1.36*** | (1.23,1.51) | 1.43*** | (1.30,1.56) | 0.81*** | (0.75,0.86) | 0.84*** | (0.76,0.93) | 0.81*** | (0.73,0.89) |
| Religion | ||||||||||||
| Hindu | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Muslim | 1.23*** | (1.15,1.31) | 1.12* | (1.01,1.24) | 1.38*** | (1.27,1.50) | 1.04 | (0.97,1.12) | 0.99 | (0.90,1.10) | 1.02 | (0.92,1.12) |
| Christian | 1.03 | (0.94,1.12) | 1 | (0.87,1.15) | 1.05 | (0.94,1.18) | 0.96 | (0.88,1.05) | 0.92 | (0.81,1.04) | 1.01 | (0.90,1.14) |
| Othersd | 1.26*** | (1.15,1.39) | 1.27*** | (1.10,1.47) | 1.34*** | (1.18,1.52) | 1.07 | (0.97,1.18) | 1.1 | (0.96,1.27) | 0.99 | (0.85,1.15) |
| Caste | ||||||||||||
| Scheduled Caste | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Scheduled Tribe | 0.76*** | (0.70,0.82) | 0.78*** | (0.69,0.89) | 0.74*** | (0.66,0.82) | 1.38*** | (1.28,1.49) | 1.40*** | (1.26,1.56) | 1.39*** | (1.25,1.55) |
| OBCe | 0.99 | (0.93,1.05) | 0.98 | (0.89,1.07) | 1.00 | (0.92,1.08) | 0.94* | (0.88,1.00) | 1 | (0.92,1.09) | 0.88** | (0.81,0.96) |
| Others | 1.04 | (0.97,1.11) | 1.07 | (0.96,1.18) | 1.02 | (0.93,1.11) | 0.98 | (0.91,1.05) | 0.93 | (0.85,1.03) | 1.03 | (0.93,1.14) |
| Place of Residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Urban | 1.19*** | (1.14,1.25) | 1.19*** | (1.11,1.28) | 1.18*** | (1.11,1.26) | 0.99 | (0.95,1.04) | 1.08* | (1.01,1.15) | 0.92* | (0.85,0.99) |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| North | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Central | 0.67*** | (0.62,0.72) | 0.69*** | (0.61,0.78) | 0.66*** | (0.60,0.73) | 1.08* | (1.00,1.17) | 0.88* | (0.79,0.99) | 1.35*** | (1.20,1.51) |
| East | 0.84*** | (0.79,0.91) | 0.92 | (0.82,1.03) | 0.81*** | (0.74,0.88) | 1.02 | (0.95,1.10) | 0.80*** | (0.72,0.89) | 1.29*** | (1.16,1.44) |
| Northeast | 1.00 | (0.92,1.10) | 1.10 | (0.96,1.26) | 0.87* | (0.78,0.99) | 1.07 | (0.98,1.18) | 1.02 | (0.90,1.15) | 1.18* | (1.03,1.35) |
| West | 0.77*** | (0.71,0.83) | 0.83** | (0.74,0.93) | 0.71*** | (0.64,0.78) | 1.19*** | (1.10,1.29) | 1.07 | (0.96,1.20) | 1.36*** | (1.21,1.53) |
| South | 0.84*** | (0.79,0.90) | 0.96 | (0.87,1.06) | 0.76*** | (0.70,0.83) | 1.27*** | (1.18,1.36) | 1.09 | (0.99,1.21) | 1.50*** | (1.35,1.66) |
Note.adivorced, separated, and deserted
bActivities of daily living
cInstrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
dincludes Sikh, Buddhist/neo-Buddhist, Jain, Parsi/Zoroastrian and others; and
eOther Backward Classes, HT-hypertension
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001