Table 3.
Self-reported Hypertension | Undiagnosed Hypertension | |||||||||||
Coefficient | SE | Percent | Coefficient | SE | Percent | |||||||
Due to Difference in Characteristics (E) | 0.0711*** | 0.0087 | 51.9% | 0.00245 | 0.0115 | −8.1% | ||||||
Due to Difference in Coefficients (C) | 0.0660*** | 0.0113 | 48.1% | −0.0328*** | 0.0120 | 108.1% | ||||||
Overall difference (R) | 0.1371*** | 0.0104 | −0.03035 | 0.0123 | ||||||||
Covariates | Due to Difference in Characteristics (E) | Due to Difference in Coefficients (C) | Due to Difference in Characteristics (E) | Due to Difference in Coefficients (C) | ||||||||
Coefficient | SE | Percent | Coefficient | SE | Percent | Coefficient | SE | Percent | Coefficient | SE | Percent | |
Age groups | ||||||||||||
45–54 | ||||||||||||
55–64 | 0.00031*** | 0.000 | 0.2% | 0.00355 | 0.008 | 2.6% | −0.00012 | 0.000 | 0.4% | − 0.02112** | 0.006 | 69.6% |
65–74 | − 0.00171*** | 0.000 | −1.2% | − 0.00579 | 0.006 | −4.2% | − 0.00043 | 0.000 | 1.4% | −0.0068 | 0.006 | 22.4% |
75+ | −0.00229*** | 0.001 | −1.7% | −0.00145 | 0.004 | −1.1% | −0.00070 | 0.001 | 2.3% | −0.0024 | 0.004 | 7.9% |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | ||||||||||||
Female | −0.00071* | 0.000 | −0.5% | 0.00180 | 0.015 | 1.3% | 0.00106 | 0.001 | −3.5% | −0.03724** | 0.013 | 122.7% |
Education level | ||||||||||||
No education | ||||||||||||
Primary | 0.00066*** | 0.000 | 0.5% | 0.00501 | 0.005 | 3.7% | −0.00028 | 0.000 | 0.9% | −0.0051 | 0.004 | 17.0% |
Secondary | 0.00362*** | 0.002 | 2.6% | − 0.00296 | 0.004 | −2.2% | −0.00292 | 0.004 | 9.6% | 0.0013 | 0.003 | −4.3% |
Higher | 0.00830 | 0.005 | 6.1% | 0.00164 | 0.002 | 1.2% | −0.00453 | 0.005 | 14.9% | −0.0019 | 0.002 | 6.1% |
Working Status | ||||||||||||
Never worked | ||||||||||||
Currently working | 0.00436*** | 0.001 | 3.2% | −0.01894 | 0.014 | −13.8% | − 0.00204 | 0.002 | 6.7% | −0.0012 | 0.012 | 4.1% |
Not currently working | 0.00031 | 0.000 | 0.2% | −0.00456 | 0.007 | −3.3% | −0.00015 | 0.000 | 0.5% | − 0.0090 | 0.007 | 29.7% |
Marital Status | ||||||||||||
Currently married | ||||||||||||
Widowed | −0.00179 | 0.001 | −1.3% | 0.00069 | 0.006 | 0.5% | −0.00212 | 0.002 | 7.0% | −0.0025 | 0.005 | 8.2% |
D/S/D/Othersa | −0.00011 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.00165 | 0.001 | 1.2% | 0.00011 | 0.000 | −0.4% | − 0.00301** | 0.001 | 9.9% |
Morbidities | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | ||||||||||||
No | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.02433*** | 0.002 | 17.7% | 0.00039 | 0.002 | 0.3% | −0.01045 | 0.012 | 34.4% | − 0.0005 | 0.003 | 1.7% |
Stroke | ||||||||||||
No | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.00274*** | 0.001 | 2.0% | 0.00059 | 0.001 | 0.4% | −0.00186 | 0.002 | 6.1% | −0.0013 | 0.001 | 4.2% |
Arthritis | ||||||||||||
No | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.00381*** | 0.001 | 2.8% | 0.00476 | 0.002 | 3.5% | −0.00391 | 0.005 | 12.9% | −0.0022 | 0.003 | 7.1% |
Difficulty in ADLb | ||||||||||||
No | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.00018 | 0.000 | 0.1% | −0.01273** | 0.004 | −9.3% | −0.00049 | 0.001 | 1.6% | 0.0066 | 0.004 | −21.8% |
Difficulty in IADLc | ||||||||||||
No | ||||||||||||
Yes | −0.00282* | 0.001 | −2.1% | 0.00876 | 0.008 | 6.4% | 0.00031 | 0.001 | −1.0% | − 0.0057 | 0.007 | 18.6% |
BMI categories | ||||||||||||
Normal | ||||||||||||
Underweight | 0.00778* | 0.004 | 5.7% | 0.00585 | 0.007 | 4.3% | 0.00976 | 0.009 | −32.2% | −0.0046 | 0.006 | 15.2% |
Overweight/obese | 0.02563*** | 0.004 | 18.7% | 0.00694 | 0.004 | 5.1% | 0.00993 | 0.013 | −32.7% | 0.0000 | 0.004 | 0.0% |
Lifestyle factors | ||||||||||||
Moderate activities | ||||||||||||
Inactive | ||||||||||||
Active | 0.00032* | 0.000 | 0.2% | −0.02912* | 0.014 | −21.2% | − 0.00007 | 0.000 | 0.2% | 0.0097 | 0.011 | −31.9% |
Vigorous activities | ||||||||||||
Inactive | ||||||||||||
Active | − 0.00011 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.00617 | 0.008 | 4.5% | −0.00007 | 0.000 | 0.2% | 0.0020 | 0.007 | −6.5% |
Smoking Status | ||||||||||||
Never | ||||||||||||
Former | −0.00011 | 0.000 | 0.1% | − 0.00249 | 0.001 | −1.8% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.0022 | 0.001 | −7.1% |
Current | 0.00018 | 0.000 | 0.1% | −0.00148 | 0.004 | − 1.1% | 0.00018 | 0.000 | −0.6% | − 0.0016 | 0.003 | 5.3% |
Chewing tobacco Status | ||||||||||||
Never | ||||||||||||
Former | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.00114 | 0.002 | − 0.8% | − 0.00004 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.0016 | 0.001 | −5.2% |
Current | 0.00324 | 0.002 | 2.4% | −0.00235 | 0.005 | −1.7% | −0.00249 | 0.002 | 8.2% | 0.0050 | 0.005 | −16.5% |
Alcohol use | ||||||||||||
No | ||||||||||||
Yes | −0.00056 | 0.001 | −0.4% | 0.00214 | 0.004 | 1.6% | −0.00078 | 0.001 | 2.6% | −0.0016 | 0.003 | 5.1% |
Household factors | ||||||||||||
Religion | ||||||||||||
Hindu | ||||||||||||
Muslim | −0.00198* | 0.001 | −1.4% | 0.00199 | 0.004 | 1.5% | −0.00002 | 0.001 | 0.0% | −0.0015 | 0.004 | 4.8% |
Christian | 0.00003 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.00130 | 0.001 | −1.0% | 0.00012 | 0.000 | −0.4% | −0.0011 | 0.001 | 3.6% |
Othersd | 0.00176 | 0.001 | 1.3% | 0.00105 | 0.001 | 0.8% | −0.00003 | 0.001 | 0.1% | 0.0004 | 0.001 | −1.3% |
Caste | ||||||||||||
Scheduled Caste | ||||||||||||
Scheduled Tribe | 0.00858* | 0.004 | 6.3% | −0.00073 | 0.006 | −0.5% | 0.00077 | 0.003 | −2.5% | −0.0041 | 0.005 | 13.4% |
OBCe | −0.00007 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.01530 | 0.012 | −11.2% | −0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.0102 | 0.011 | 33.6% |
Others | −0.00335 | 0.004 | −2.4% | −0.00296 | 0.004 | −2.2% | −0.00202 | 0.004 | 6.7% | −0.0015 | 0.004 | 4.9% |
Place of Residence | ||||||||||||
Rural | ||||||||||||
Urban | 0.00027** | 0.000 | 0.2% | −0.01032 | 0.006 | −7.5% | − 0.00008 | 0.000 | 0.2% | −0.0042 | 0.007 | 13.9% |
State | ||||||||||||
Tamil Nadu | ||||||||||||
Jammu & Kashmir | 0.00033 | 0.001 | 0.2% | −0.00015 | 0.000 | −0.1% | −0.00118 | 0.001 | 3.9% | −0.0001 | 0.000 | 0.4% |
Himachal Pradesh | 0.00095* | 0.000 | 0.7% | 0.00010 | 0.000 | 0.1% | −0.00012 | 0.000 | 0.4% | −0.0002 | 0.000 | 0.6% |
Punjab | 0.00336* | 0.002 | 2.5% | −0.00019 | 0.000 | −0.1% | −0.00104 | 0.002 | 3.4% | −0.0003 | 0.000 | 1.0% |
Chandigarh | 0.00008* | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.00003 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0% |
Uttarakhand | 0.00006 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00051 | 0.000 | 0.4% | 0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.0003 | 0.000 | 0.8% |
Haryana | 0.00126** | 0.000 | 0.9% | −0.00027 | 0.001 | −0.2% | −0.00038 | 0.001 | 1.2% | 0.0003 | 0.001 | −1.1% |
Delhi | 0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.00026 | 0.001 | −0.2% | −0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.0002 | 0.001 | −0.6% |
Rajasthan | 0.00068 | 0.000 | 0.5% | 0.00025 | 0.002 | 0.2% | −0.00032 | 0.000 | 1.1% | 0.0006 | 0.002 | −2.1% |
Uttar Pradesh | −0.00509* | 0.002 | −3.7% | 0.01831*** | 0.006 | 13.4% | 0.00480 | 0.005 | −15.8% | −0.0050 | 0.005 | 16.5% |
Bihar | −0.01576*** | 0.003 | −11.5% | 0.02031*** | 0.006 | 14.8% | 0.01161 | 0.010 | −38.3% | −0.01928** | 0.006 | 63.5% |
Arunachal Pradesh | 0.00051** | 0.000 | 0.4% | 0.00011 | 0.000 | 0.1% | −0.00002 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0% |
Nagaland | 0.00014 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.00012 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.00025 | 0.000 | −0.8% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0% |
Manipur | 0.00006 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00005 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.00018 | 0.000 | 0.6% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.1% |
Mizoram | −0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.00004 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | −0.1% |
Tripura | 0.00034*** | 0.000 | 0.2% | 0.00031* | 0.000 | 0.2% | −0.00017 | 0.000 | 0.6% | −0.00039** | 0.000 | 1.3% |
Meghalaya | −0.00011*** | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.00021 | 0.000 | 0.2% | −0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.0001 | 0.000 | 0.2% |
Assam | −0.00086*** | 0.000 | −0.6% | 0.00068 | 0.001 | 0.5% | 0.00024 | 0.000 | −0.8% | −0.0018 | 0.001 | 5.9% |
West Bengal | 0.00048 | 0.000 | 0.4% | −0.00079 | 0.003 | −0.6% | −0.00017 | 0.000 | 0.5% | 0.0007 | 0.003 | −2.4% |
Jharkhand | −0.00174 | 0.001 | −1.3% | 0.00279 | 0.001 | 2.0% | 0.00047 | 0.001 | −1.5% | −0.0018 | 0.001 | 6.0% |
Odisha | −0.00415** | 0.002 | −3.0% | 0.00746 | 0.003 | 5.4% | 0.00199 | 0.002 | −6.6% | −0.0037 | 0.003 | 12.3% |
Chhattisgarh | −0.00120 | 0.002 | −0.9% | 0.00104 | 0.002 | 0.8% | −0.00047 | 0.001 | 1.6% | −0.0019 | 0.002 | 6.4% |
Madhya Pradesh | −0.00013 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.00518 | 0.003 | 3.8% | 0.00018 | 0.000 | −0.6% | −0.0055 | 0.003 | 18.1% |
Gujarat | 0.00002 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00223 | 0.002 | 1.6% | −0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.0030 | 0.002 | 10.0% |
Daman & Diu | 0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0% |
Dadra & Nagar Haveli | −0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00004 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0% |
Maharashtra | −0.00022 | 0.000 | −0.2% | 0.00019 | 0.004 | 0.1% | −0.00003 | 0.000 | 0.1% | −0.0009 | 0.004 | 3.0% |
Andhra Pradesh | 0.00483*** | 0.001 | 3.5% | 0.00155 | 0.001 | 1.1% | −0.00045 | 0.001 | 1.5% | −0.0011 | 0.001 | 3.7% |
Karnataka | 0.00287 | 0.005 | 2.1% | 0.00225 | 0.004 | 1.6% | 0.00151 | 0.006 | −5.0% | 0.0006 | 0.003 | −2.1% |
Goa | 0.00025*** | 0.000 | 0.2% | 0.00002 | 0.000 | 0.0% | −0.00010 | 0.000 | 0.3% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.1% |
Lakshadweep | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0% |
Kerala | 0.00013 | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.00046 | 0.001 | 0.3% | 0.00009 | 0.000 | −0.3% | −0.0001 | 0.001 | 0.2% |
Puducherry | −0.00005 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00006 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00005 | 0.000 | −0.2% | −0.0001 | 0.000 | 0.3% |
Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 0.00002*** | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.00000 | 0.000 | 0.0% | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0% |
Telangana | 0.00210*** | 0.001 | 1.5% | 0.00091 | 0.001 | 0.7% | −0.00122 | 0.001 | 4.0% | −0.0012 | 0.001 | 4.1% |
Intercept | 0.06320 | 0.052 | 46.1% | 0.11302* | 0.050 | −372.4% |
Note.adivorced, separated, and deserted
bActivities of daily living
cInstrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
dincludes Sikh, Buddhist/neo-Buddhist, Jain, Parsi/Zoroastrian and others; and
eOther Backward Classes, HT-hypertension
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001